Abstract
Eight cultivation programs with several equipment combinations were compared with each other and with an atrazine plus pendimethalin herbicide program with and without supplemental cultivation from 1992 to 1994. In two of the three years, cultivation with a rotary hoe or tine weeder reduced weed seedling density by 39 to 74%. Tine weeding was more effective than rotary hoeing in 1992. Rotary hoeing or tine weeding reduced corn populations by an average of 6%. Weed control by different types of inter-row cultivators varied little, except that an in-row cultivator provided better control than a rolling cultivator in two years and better control than a shovel cultivator in one year. Weeds establishing from seeds were better controlled by herbicides in all three years, but weeds establishing from roots, rhizomes, and tubers were controlled as well or better by cultivation. Weed control was sometimes better using herbicides plus cultivation than with herbicides alone, but the combination damaged the crop in two of the three years. Cost of mechanical treatments which combined inter-row cultivation with rotary hoeing or tine weeding differed from that for the herbicide treatment by less than 2%. Yields of the best mechanical treatment and the herbicide treatment were nearly equal in all years, but the best mechanical regime varied between years. Consequently, mean net return was moderately higher for the herbicide treatment.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Rotary hoe cultivation reduced weed seedling density by 39 to 74% in two years.
- Taxon
- weede0
- Treatment
- cultivation with a rotary hoee0
- Outcome
- weed seedling densitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 39 to 74%e0
- Qualifier
- In two of the three yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“In two of the three years, cultivation with a rotary hoe or tine weeder reduced weed seedling density by 39 to 74%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Tine weeder cultivation reduced weed seedling density by 39 to 74% in two years.
- Taxon
- weede0
- Treatment
- tine weedere0
- Outcome
- weed seedling densitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 39 to 74%e0
- Qualifier
- In two of the three yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“In two of the three years, cultivation with a rotary hoe or tine weeder reduced weed seedling density by 39 to 74%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Tine weeding was more effective than rotary hoeing in 1992.
- Taxon
- Corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Treatment
- Tine weedinge0
- Outcome
- more effectivee0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Qualifier
- in 1992e0
- Comparator
- rotary hoeinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e0“Tine weeding was more effective than rotary hoeing in 1992.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotary hoeing reduced corn populations by an average of 6%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- Rotary hoeinge0
- Outcome
- corn populationse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 6%e0
- Qualifier
- an averagee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rotary hoeing or tine weeding reduced corn populations by an average of 6%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Tine weeding reduced corn populations by an average of 6%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- tine weedinge0
- Outcome
- corn populationse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 6%e0
- Qualifier
- an averagee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rotary hoeing or tine weeding reduced corn populations by an average of 6%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed control varied little among inter-row cultivator types, apart from stated exceptions.
- Taxon
- Weede0
- Treatment
- different types of inter-row cultivatorse0
- Outcome
- Weed controle0
- Direction
- varied littlee0
- Qualifier
- except that an in-row cultivator provided better control than a rolling cultivator in two years and better control than a shovel cultivator in one yeare0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Weed control by different types of inter-row cultivators varied little, except that an in-row cultivator provided better control than a rolling cultivator in two years and better control than a shovel cultivator in one year.”
Claim · model-written summary
An in-row cultivator controlled weeds better than a rolling cultivator in two years.
Verbatim
e0“Weed control by different types of inter-row cultivators varied little, except that an in-row cultivator provided better control than a rolling cultivator in two years and better control than a shovel cultivator in one year.”
Claim · model-written summary
An in-row cultivator controlled weeds better than a shovel cultivator in one year.
Verbatim
e0“Weed control by different types of inter-row cultivators varied little, except that an in-row cultivator provided better control than a rolling cultivator in two years and better control than a shovel cultivator in one year.”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicides better controlled weeds arising from seeds in all three years.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds establishing from seeds were better controlled by herbicides in all three years, but weeds establishing from roots, rhizomes, and tubers were controlled as well or better by cultivation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivation controlled weeds arising from roots, rhizomes and tubers as well as or better than herbicides.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds establishing from seeds were better controlled by herbicides in all three years, but weeds establishing from roots, rhizomes, and tubers were controlled as well or better by cultivation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicides plus cultivation sometimes improved weed control over herbicides alone.
Verbatim
e0“Weed control was sometimes better using herbicides plus cultivation than with herbicides alone, but the combination damaged the crop in two of the three years.”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicides plus cultivation damaged corn in two of the three years.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- herbicides plus cultivatione0
- Outcome
- damaged the crope0
- Qualifier
- in two of the three yearse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e0“Weed control was sometimes better using herbicides plus cultivation than with herbicides alone, but the combination damaged the crop in two of the three years.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mechanical treatments combining inter-row cultivation with rotary hoeing differed in cost from herbicides by less than 2%.
- Treatment
- inter-row cultivation with rotary hoeinge0
- Outcome
- Coste0
- Value
- less than 2%e0
- Comparator
- herbicide treatmente0
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“Cost of mechanical treatments which combined inter-row cultivation with rotary hoeing or tine weeding differed from that for the herbicide treatment by less than 2%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mechanical treatments combining inter-row cultivation with tine weeding differed in cost from herbicides by less than 2%.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“Cost of mechanical treatments which combined inter-row cultivation with rotary hoeing or tine weeding differed from that for the herbicide treatment by less than 2%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Best mechanical and herbicide treatments produced nearly equal corn yields in all years.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- best mechanical treatmente0
- Outcome
- Yieldse0
- Direction
- nearly equale0
- Qualifier
- in all yearse0
- Comparator
- herbicide treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e0“Yields of the best mechanical treatment and the herbicide treatment were nearly equal in all years, but the best mechanical regime varied between years.”
Claim · model-written summary
The best mechanical weed-management regime varied among years.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- best mechanical regime varied between yearse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e0“the best mechanical regime varied between years.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean net return was moderately higher for herbicides.
- Treatment
- herbicide treatmente0
- Outcome
- mean net returne0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- moderatelye0
- Comparator
- best mechanical treatmente1
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Consequently, mean net return was moderately higher for the herbicide treatment.”
e1“Yields of the best mechanical treatment and the herbicide treatment were nearly equal in all years”
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See all 651 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.