Abstract
The health promoting and aesthetic qualities of carotenoids have triggered considerable interest in elevating their levels in tomato, which is an important dietary source of lycopene. It was found that lycopene contents increased gradually during tomato ripening, and that the increase in internal parts (columella, locular gel and radical arms) was occurring prior to that of the external part (peripheral pericarp). The maximum lycopene content in mature fruit was in peripheral pericarp (3.33 mg/100 g FW), and the minimum contents were in columella (0.84 mg/100 g FW) and locular gel (0.91 mg/100 g FW). β-carotene contents decreased in the early ripening stage (breaker stage), then began to increase gradually. The maximum β-carotene content in mature tomato fruit was in locular gel (1.00 mg/100 g FW), but it changed greatly. Xanthophyll contents decreased at breaker stage, then began to increase gradually. The maximum xanthophyll contents in mature fruits were in locular gel (0.099 mg/100 g FW) and peripheral pericarp (0.095 mg/100 g FW). The CEPA (ethephon, 1 mg/ml) treatment promoted ripening significantly, accelerated the formation and accumulation of lycopene, and the stimulated increase of lycopene content in the external part was prior to that in the internal parts. The absolute amount of lycopene increase was maximum in peripheral pericarp (6.64 mg/100 g FW), and the relative amount of increase (more than 4-fold) was maximum in locular gel. β-carotene contents were higher in CEPA treatment than that of control that is approximately 2 times as much as that of control. In CEPA treatment, xanthophylls content was higher in the external part and lower in the internal parts comparing with the control. The ripening of fruits was from the inside to the outside in the control treatment, while it was the opposite in the CEPA treatment. The lycopene content, an important factor of nutrient quality, increased significantly with CEPA which would constitute an effective measure for improving the quality of tomato fruits.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Lycopene rose during tomato ripening, with internal tissues preceding the peripheral pericarp.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Organ / stage
- internal partse0
- Outcome
- lycopene contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lycopene contents increased gradually during tomato ripening, and that the increase in internal parts (columella, locular gel and radical arms) was occurring prior to that of the external part (peripheral pericarp)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mature peripheral pericarp had the highest lycopene content, 3.33 mg/100 g FW.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- peripheral pericarpe0
- Outcome
- lycopene contente0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 3.33 mg/100 g FWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum lycopene content in mature fruit was in peripheral pericarp (3.33 mg/100 g FW)”
t0“TOMATO FRUIT”
Claim · model-written summary
Mature columella had lycopene content of 0.84 mg/100 g FW.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- columellae0
- Outcome
- contentse0
- Direction
- minimume0
- Value
- 0.84 mg/100 g FWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“minimum contents were in columella (0.84 mg/100 g FW)”
t0“TOMATO FRUIT”
Claim · model-written summary
Mature locular gel had lycopene content of 0.91 mg/100 g FW.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- locular gele0
- Value
- 0.91 mg/100 g FWe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“locular gel (0.91 mg/100 g FW)”
t0“TOMATO FRUIT”
Claim · model-written summary
β-carotene decreased at breaker stage, then increased gradually.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- breaker stagee0
- Outcome
- β-carotene contentse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“β-carotene contents decreased in the early ripening stage (breaker stage), then began to increase gradually”
t0“TOMATO FRUIT”
Claim · model-written summary
Mature locular gel had maximum β-carotene content of 1.00 mg/100 g FW, with large variation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- locular gele0
- Outcome
- β-carotene contente0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 1.00 mg/100 g FWe0
- Qualifier
- it changed greatlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum β-carotene content in mature tomato fruit was in locular gel (1.00 mg/100 g FW), but it changed greatly”
Claim · model-written summary
Xanthophyll decreased at breaker stage and then increased.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- breaker stagee0
- Outcome
- Xanthophyll contentse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Xanthophyll contents decreased at breaker stage, then began to increase gradually”
t0“TOMATO FRUIT”
Claim · model-written summary
Mature locular gel had xanthophyll content of 0.099 mg/100 g FW.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- locular gele0
- Outcome
- xanthophyll contentse0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 0.099 mg/100 g FWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum xanthophyll contents in mature fruits were in locular gel (0.099 mg/100 g FW)”
t0“TOMATO FRUIT”
Claim · model-written summary
Mature peripheral pericarp had xanthophyll content of 0.095 mg/100 g FW.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- peripheral pericarpe0
- Value
- 0.095 mg/100 g FWe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“peripheral pericarp (0.095 mg/100 g FW)”
t0“TOMATO FRUIT”
Claim · model-written summary
CEPA significantly promoted fruit ripening.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- CEPA (ethephon, 1 mg/ml)e0
- Outcome
- ripeninge0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The CEPA (ethephon, 1 mg/ml) treatment promoted ripening significantly”
t0“TOMATO FRUIT”
Claim · model-written summary
CEPA accelerated lycopene accumulation, first in external tissue.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- CEPA (ethephon, 1 mg/ml)e1
- Outcome
- lycopene contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“accelerated the formation and accumulation of lycopene, and the stimulated increase of lycopene content in the external part was prior to that in the internal parts”
e1“CEPA (ethephon, 1 mg/ml) treatment”
t0“TOMATO FRUIT”
Claim · model-written summary
The largest absolute lycopene increase with CEPA was 6.64 mg/100 g FW in peripheral pericarp.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- peripheral pericarpe0
- Treatment
- CEPA (ethephon, 1 mg/ml) treatmente1
- Outcome
- lycopene increasee0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 6.64 mg/100 g FWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“absolute amount of lycopene increase was maximum in peripheral pericarp (6.64 mg/100 g FW)”
e1“The CEPA (ethephon, 1 mg/ml) treatment”
t0“TOMATO FRUIT”
Claim · model-written summary
The largest relative lycopene increase with CEPA was more than fourfold in locular gel.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- locular gele0
- Outcome
- lycopene increasee1
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- more than 4-folde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“relative amount of increase (more than 4-fold) was maximum in locular gel”
e1“lycopene increase”
t0“TOMATO FRUIT”
Claim · model-written summary
CEPA yielded β-carotene content about twice that of control.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- CEPA treatmente0
- Outcome
- β-carotene contentse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- approximately 2 timese0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“β-carotene contents were higher in CEPA treatment than that of control that is approximately 2 times as much as that of control”
t0“TOMATO FRUIT”
Claim · model-written summary
CEPA raised xanthophyll content in external fruit parts relative to control.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- external parte0
- Treatment
- CEPA treatmente0
- Outcome
- xanthophylls contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In CEPA treatment, xanthophylls content was higher in the external part and lower in the internal parts comparing with the control”
t0“TOMATO FRUIT”
Claim · model-written summary
CEPA lowered xanthophyll content in internal fruit parts relative to control.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- internal partse0
- Treatment
- CEPA treatmente0
- Outcome
- xanthophylls contente0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In CEPA treatment, xanthophylls content was higher in the external part and lower in the internal parts comparing with the control”
t0“TOMATO FRUIT”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit ripening proceeded outward in control and inward in CEPA treatment.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- CEPA treatmente0
- Outcome
- ripening of fruitse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ripening of fruits was from the inside to the outside in the control treatment, while it was the opposite in the CEPA treatment”
t0“TOMATO FRUIT”
Claim · model-written summary
CEPA is presented as an effective measure to improve tomato fruit quality via lycopene.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- CEPAe0
- Outcome
- improving the quality of tomato fruitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lycopene content, an important factor of nutrient quality, increased significantly with CEPA which would constitute an effective measure for improving the quality of tomato fruits”
The same questions in other papers
(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid · quality: phytochemicals · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results differ
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- negative
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid · quality: postharvest · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
20 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- negative
20 papers more in this group
See all 24 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.