Abstract
Systemic signaling of upper leaves promotes the induction of photosynthesis in lower leaves, allowing more efficient use of light flecks. However, the nature of the systemic signals has remained elusive. Here, we show that preillumination of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) shoot apex alone can accelerate photosynthetic induction in distal leaves and that this process is light quality dependent, where red light promotes and far-red light delays photosynthetic induction. Grafting the wild-type rootstock with a phytochome B (phyB) mutant scion compromised light-induced photosynthetic induction as well as auxin biosynthesis in the shoot apex, auxin signaling, and RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG1 (RBOH1)-dependent hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production in the systemic leaves. Light-induced systemic H2O2 production in the leaves of the rootstock also was absent in plants grafted with an auxin-resistant diageotropica (dgt) mutant scion. Cyclic electron flow around photosystem I and associated ATP production were increased in the systemic leaves by exposure of the apex to red light. This enhancement was compromised in the systemic leaves of the wild-type rootstock with phyB and dgt mutant scions and also in RBOH1-RNA interference leaves with the wild type as scion. Silencing of ORANGE RIPENING, which encodes NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, compromised the systemic induction of photosynthesis. Taken together, these results demonstrate that exposure to red light triggers phyB-mediated auxin synthesis in the apex, leading to H2O2 generation in systemic leaves. Enhanced H2O2 levels in turn activate cyclic electron flow and ATP production, leading to a faster induction of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in the systemic leaves, allowing plants better adaptation to the changing light environment.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Preillumination of the tomato shoot apex accelerated distal-leaf photosynthetic induction.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- preillumination of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) shoot apexe0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic induction in distal leavese0
- Direction
- acceleratee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“preillumination of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) shoot apex alone can accelerate photosynthetic induction in distal leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Red light promoted photosynthetic induction.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- red lighte0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic inductione0
- Direction
- promotese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“red light promotes and far-red light delays photosynthetic induction”
t0“the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Far-red light delayed photosynthetic induction.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- far-red lighte0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic inductione0
- Direction
- delayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“far-red light delays photosynthetic induction”
t0“the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
A phyB mutant scion compromised light-induced photosynthetic induction.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- phytochome B (phyB) mutant scione0
- Outcome
- light-induced photosynthetic inductione0
- Direction
- compromisede0
- Comparator
- wild-type rootstocke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grafting the wild-type rootstock with a phytochome B (phyB) mutant scion compromised light-induced photosynthetic induction”
t0“the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
A phyB mutant scion compromised auxin biosynthesis, signaling and systemic H2O2 production.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- phytochrome Bt0
- Outcome
- auxin biosynthesis in the shoot apex, auxin signaling, and RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG1 (RBOH1)-dependent hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) productione0
- Direction
- compromisede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compromised light-induced photosynthetic induction as well as auxin biosynthesis in the shoot apex, auxin signaling, and RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG1 (RBOH1)-dependent hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production in the systemic leaves”
t0“phytochrome B”
e1“preillumination of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) shoot apex alone can accelerate photosynthetic induction in distal leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
A dgt mutant scion abolished systemic H2O2 production.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- auxin-resistant diageotropica (dgt) mutant scione0
- Outcome
- Light-induced systemic H2O2 productione0
- Direction
- absente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Light-induced systemic H2O2 production in the leaves of the rootstock also was absent in plants grafted with an auxin-resistant diageotropica (dgt) mutant scion”
t0“the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Apex red light increased cyclic electron flow and ATP production in systemic leaves.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- exposure of the apex to red lighte0
- Outcome
- Cyclic electron flow around photosystem I and associated ATP productione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cyclic electron flow around photosystem I and associated ATP production were increased in the systemic leaves by exposure of the apex to red light”
t0“the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mutant scions and RBOH1 interference compromised the red-light enhancement.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- phyB and dgt mutant scionse0
- Outcome
- enhancemente0
- Direction
- compromisede0
- Comparator
- wild-type rootstocke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This enhancement was compromised in the systemic leaves of the wild-type rootstock with phyB and dgt mutant scions and also in RBOH1-RNA interference leaves with the wild type as scion”
t0“the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
ORANGE RIPENING silencing compromised systemic photosynthetic induction.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Silencing of ORANGE RIPENINGe0
- Gene
- ORANGE RIPENINGe0
- Outcome
- systemic induction of photosynthesise0
- Direction
- compromisede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Silencing of ORANGE RIPENING, which encodes NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, compromised the systemic induction of photosynthesis”
t0“the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
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