Abstract
Growth of ground cover and trees was evaluated for five growing seasons on calcareous coal minesoil surfaces (standard graded topsoil, graded and ripped topsoil, graded gray cast overburden) in southeastern Ohio. Soil surface plots were seeded in September 1987 with either a standard herbaceous seed mix [ orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), Kentucky bluegrass (Poapratensis L.), Ranger alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), Mammoth red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), Empire birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), and wheat (Iriticum aestivum L.)], or a modified mix using no alfalfa and half the rate of orchardgrass. Nitrogen ( 45, 90, or 135 kg ha/N) was applied as ammonium nitrate in September 1987 and April 1989. White ash (Fraxinus americana L.), silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.), northern red oak (Ouercus rubra L.), and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) were planted in spring 1989 into 0.8 m-wide strips sprayed with glyphosate herbicide at 2.24 kg/ha in October 1988. Sethoxydim was applied at 0.54 kg/ha in June 1989 to control dense grass cover. Total herbaceous canopy cover and total aboveground live biomass were greater on standard topsoil than on gray cast overburden in 1989 and 1993, but the reverse was true in 1992. Legumes ( canopy cover, aboveground live biomass, or fraction of total biomass) were generally more abundant on cast overburden than on the two topsoil surfaces until 1993. Total cover (84%) and total biomass (239 g/0.5 m 2 ) were highest in July 1989, following the last application of nitrogen fertilizer in April 1989. Total cover ranged from 44% to 56%, and total biomass ranged from 102 to 162 g/0.5 m 2 from 1990 to 1993. Total cover and total biomass were lower at the lowest nitrogen rate in 1989 only. Type of herbaceous seed mix did not affect growth of ground cover or trees. Overall tree survival was 82.0% the first year but declined to 40.6% after 5 yr. Survival varied significantly among all tree species (3.5% for pine, 22.2% for oak, 38.5% for maple, 98.1 % for ash). White ash was taller on ripped topsoil (111 cm) than on cast overburden (94 cm). Silver maple survived better on standard topsoil (51.5%) and ripped topsoil (42.9%) than on cast overburden (21.0%). Red oak also survived better on both topsoil surfaces (33.4% or 23.9%) than on cast overburden (9.4%). Maple (43.8% versus 32.7%) and oak (33.6% versus 20.5%) survived better at the intermediate than at the low nitrogen rate. Survival was not reduced by the high nitrogen rate. The use of herbicides to control ground cover around the trees combined with above average rainfall during the one year in which nitrogen fertilizer increased ground cover probably explains the absence of detrimental effects on tree survival at the higher nitrogen rates.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Herbaceous cover and biomass were greater on topsoil than overburden in 1989 and 1993.
Verbatim
e0“Total herbaceous canopy cover and total aboveground live biomass were greater on standard topsoil than on gray cast overburden in 1989 and 1993”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbaceous cover and biomass were greater on overburden than topsoil in 1992.
- Taxon
- herbaceouse0
- Treatment
- gray cast overburdene0
- Outcome
- canopy cover and total aboveground live biomasse0
- Qualifier
- 1992e0
- Comparator
- standard topsoile0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Total herbaceous canopy cover and total aboveground live biomass were greater on standard topsoil than on gray cast overburden in 1989 and 1993, but the reverse was true in 1992”
Claim · model-written summary
Legumes were generally more abundant on cast overburden than topsoil surfaces until 1993.
Verbatim
e0“Legumes ( canopy cover, aboveground live biomass, or fraction of total biomass) were generally more abundant on cast overburden than on the two topsoil surfaces until 1993”
Claim · model-written summary
Total cover peaked at 84% in July 1989 following nitrogen application.
Verbatim
e0“Total cover (84%) and total biomass (239 g/0.5 m 2 ) were highest in July 1989, following the last application of nitrogen fertilizer in April 1989”
t0“Ground Cover”
Claim · model-written summary
Total biomass peaked at 239 g/0.5 m 2 in July 1989.
Verbatim
e0“Total cover (84%) and total biomass (239 g/0.5 m 2 ) were highest in July 1989, following the last application of nitrogen fertilizer in April 1989”
t0“Ground Cover”
Claim · model-written summary
Ground cover and biomass were lower at the lowest nitrogen rate in 1989 only.
- Taxon
- Ground Covert0
- Treatment
- lowest nitrogen ratee0
- Outcome
- Total cover and total biomasse0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Total cover and total biomass were lower at the lowest nitrogen rate in 1989 only”
t0“Ground Cover”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed mix type did not affect ground cover growth.
- Taxon
- ground covere0
- Treatment
- Type of herbaceous seed mixe0
- Outcome
- growth of ground covere0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Type of herbaceous seed mix did not affect growth of ground cover or trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed mix type did not affect tree growth.
- Taxon
- treese0
- Treatment
- Type of herbaceous seed mixe0
- Outcome
- growth of ground cover or treese0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Type of herbaceous seed mix did not affect growth of ground cover or trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Overall tree survival fell from 82.0% in year one to 40.6% after five years.
Verbatim
e0“Overall tree survival was 82.0% the first year but declined to 40.6% after 5 yr”
Claim · model-written summary
pine survival was 3.5% after five years.
PinusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Survival varied significantly among all tree species (3.5% for pine, 22.2% for oak, 38.5% for maple, 98.1 % for ash)”
Claim · model-written summary
oak survival was 22.2% after five years.
QuercusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Survival varied significantly among all tree species (3.5% for pine, 22.2% for oak, 38.5% for maple, 98.1 % for ash)”
Claim · model-written summary
maple survival was 38.5% after five years.
Verbatim
e0“Survival varied significantly among all tree species (3.5% for pine, 22.2% for oak, 38.5% for maple, 98.1 % for ash)”
Claim · model-written summary
ash survival was 98.1 % after five years.
Verbatim
e0“Survival varied significantly among all tree species (3.5% for pine, 22.2% for oak, 38.5% for maple, 98.1 % for ash)”
Claim · model-written summary
White ash was taller on ripped topsoil than cast overburden.
- Taxon
- White ash
Fraxinus americanae0 - Treatment
- ripped topsoile0
- Outcome
- tallere0
- Direction
- tallere0
- Value
- 111 cme0
- Qualifier
- 94 cme0
- Comparator
- cast overburdene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“White ash was taller on ripped topsoil (111 cm) than on cast overburden (94 cm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Silver maple survival was higher on topsoil than overburden.
- Taxon
- Silver maple
Acer saccharinume0 - Treatment
- standard topsoile0
- Outcome
- survivede0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Value
- 51.5%e0
- Comparator
- cast overburdene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Silver maple survived better on standard topsoil (51.5%) and ripped topsoil (42.9%) than on cast overburden (21.0%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Red oak survived better on topsoil surfaces than overburden.
- Taxon
- Red oak
_(14092717698).jpg?width=60)
Quercus rubrae0 - Treatment
- both topsoil surfacese0
- Outcome
- survivede0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Value
- 33.4% or 23.9%e0
- Comparator
- cast overburdene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(14092717698).jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Red oak also survived better on both topsoil surfaces (33.4% or 23.9%) than on cast overburden (9.4%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Maple survival was higher at intermediate than low nitrogen rate.
Verbatim
e0“Maple (43.8% versus 32.7%) and oak (33.6% versus 20.5%) survived better at the intermediate than at the low nitrogen rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Oak survival was higher at intermediate than low nitrogen rate.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maple (43.8% versus 32.7%) and oak (33.6% versus 20.5%) survived better at the intermediate than at the low nitrogen rate”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen did not reduce tree survival.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Survival was not reduced by the high nitrogen rate”
t0“Tree Growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide control of ground cover and high rainfall may explain the absence of nitrogen harm to tree survival.
Verbatim
e0“The use of herbicides to control ground cover around the trees combined with above average rainfall during the one year in which nitrogen fertilizer increased ground cover probably explains the absence of detrimental effects on tree survival at the higher nitrogen rates”