Abstract
A field study was conducted on silty clay loam soils to study the effect of tillage and weed control methods on phenology of maize and associated weeds and their influence on the production of crop. The results revealed that irrespective of tillage and weed control methods, Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa colona and Panicum dichotomiflorum and sedge (Cyperus iria) emerged earlier by 4-8 days than maize crop resulting more competition in the initial stages of growth. Commelina benghalensis emerged and senescenced almost along with the crop. While all other weeds flowered at tasseling stage of the maize crop, Echinochloa colona and Panicum dichotomiflorum flowered 7-8 days earlier to this stage. Senescence of almost all the weeds except Commelina benghalensis occurred 15-25 days earlier than the maize crop. Zero tillage resulted in significantly early emergence of the crop by 4-5 days over other tillage methods but the emergence of grass weeds was not affected significantly. Appearance of all the phenophases of the crop and associated weeds was initiated early in zero till plots as compared to raised seed bed and conventional tilled plots resulting in reduction in grain yield of maize by 13.7 and 16.9 per cent over raised seed bed and conventional tillage. Effective control of weeds with atrazine 1.5 kg/ha and acetachlor 1.25 kg/ha delayed the emergence and appearance of different phenophases of weeds than the crop resulting in 75.2 and 71.7 percent average increase in grain yield of maize, respectively over unweeded check.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Grass weeds and the sedge Cyperus iria, irrespective of treatment, emerged 4-8 days earlier than the maize crop, Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa colona and Panicum dichotomiflorum being the grass group.
- Interactor
- Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa colona and Panicum dichotomiflorum
Panicum dichotomiflorum
Echinochloa colona.jpg?width=60)
Digitaria sanguinalise1weed - Outcome
- emergede1
- Direction
- earliere1
- Value
- 4-8 dayse1
- Comparator
- maize crope1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa colona and Panicum dichotomiflorum and sedge (Cyperus iria) emerged earlier by 4-8 days than maize crop”
Claim · model-written summary
The sedge Cyperus iria emerged 4-8 days earlier than the maize crop.
- Interactor
- Cyperus iria
.jpg?width=60)
Cyperus iriae1weed - Outcome
- emergede1
- Direction
- earliere1
- Value
- 4-8 dayse1
- Comparator
- maize crope1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa colona and Panicum dichotomiflorum and sedge (Cyperus iria) emerged earlier by 4-8 days than maize crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Commelina benghalensis emerged and senesced almost along with the maize crop.
- Interactor
- Commelina benghalensis
Commelina benghalensise2weed - Outcome
- emerged and senescencede2
- Comparator
- the crope2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Commelina benghalensis emerged and senescenced almost along with the crop”
t0“Maize ( Zea mays L. )”
Claim · model-written summary
All other weeds flowered at the tasseling stage of the maize crop.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“While all other weeds flowered at tasseling stage of the maize crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Echinochloa colona and Panicum dichotomiflorum flowered 7-8 days earlier than the tasseling stage of maize.
- Interactor
- Echinochloa colonaEchinochloa colonae4weed
- Second interactor
- Panicum dichotomiflorumPanicum dichotomiflorume4weed
- Outcome
- flowerede4
- Direction
- earliere4
- Value
- 7-8 dayse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Echinochloa colona and Panicum dichotomiflorum flowered 7-8 days earlier to this stage”
t0“Maize ( Zea mays L. )”
Claim · model-written summary
Senescence of almost all weeds except Commelina benghalensis occurred 15-25 days earlier than the maize crop.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Senescence of almost all the weeds except Commelina benghalensis occurred 15-25 days earlier than the maize crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero tillage significantly advanced crop emergence by 4-5 days compared with other tillage methods.
- Treatment
- Zero tillagee6
- Outcome
- emergencee6
- Direction
- earlye6
- Value
- 4-5 dayse6
- Comparator
- other tillage methodse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Zero tillage resulted in significantly early emergence of the crop by 4-5 days over other tillage methods”
t0“Maize ( Zea mays L. )”
Claim · model-written summary
Emergence of grass weeds was not significantly affected by zero tillage relative to other tillage methods.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Zero tillage resulted in significantly early emergence of the crop by 4-5 days over other tillage methods”
e7“but the emergence of grass weeds was not affected significantly”
t0“Maize ( Zea mays L. )”
Claim · model-written summary
Appearance of all phenophases of the crop and associated weeds was initiated earlier in zero till plots than in raised seed bed and conventional tilled plots.
- Treatment
- zero till plotse0
- Outcome
- Appearance of all the phenophasese0
- Direction
- initiated earlye0
- Comparator
- raised seed bed and conventional tilled plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Appearance of all the phenophases of the crop and associated weeds was initiated early in zero till plots as compared to raised seed bed and conventional tilled plots”
t0“Maize ( Zea mays L. )”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero till plots reduced maize grain yield by 13.7 compared with raised seed bed.
- Treatment
- zero till plotse0
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Value
- 13.7e1
- Comparator
- raised seed bede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Appearance of all the phenophases of the crop and associated weeds was initiated early in zero till plots as compared to raised seed bed and conventional tilled plots”
e1“resulting in reduction in grain yield of maize by 13.7 and 16.9 per cent over raised seed bed and conventional tillage”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero till plots reduced maize grain yield by 16.9 compared with conventional tillage.
- Treatment
- zero till plotse0
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Value
- 16.9e1
- Comparator
- conventional tillagee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Appearance of all the phenophases of the crop and associated weeds was initiated early in zero till plots as compared to raised seed bed and conventional tilled plots”
e1“resulting in reduction in grain yield of maize by 13.7 and 16.9 per cent over raised seed bed and conventional tillage”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine 1.5 kg/ha delayed the emergence and appearance of weed phenophases relative to the crop.
- Treatment
- atrazine 1.5 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- emergence and appearance of different phenophases of weedse0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Comparator
- the crope0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Effective control of weeds with atrazine 1.5 kg/ha and acetachlor 1.25 kg/ha delayed the emergence and appearance of different phenophases of weeds than the crop”
t0“Maize ( Zea mays L. )”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetachlor 1.25 kg/ha delayed the emergence and appearance of weed phenophases relative to the crop.
- Treatment
- acetachlor 1.25 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- emergence and appearance of different phenophases of weedse0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Comparator
- the crope0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Effective control of weeds with atrazine 1.5 kg/ha and acetachlor 1.25 kg/ha delayed the emergence and appearance of different phenophases of weeds than the crop”
t0“Maize ( Zea mays L. )”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine 1.5 kg/ha increased maize grain yield by 75.2 over the unweeded check.
- Treatment
- atrazine 1.5 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 75.2e1
- Comparator
- unweeded checke1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Effective control of weeds with atrazine 1.5 kg/ha and acetachlor 1.25 kg/ha delayed the emergence and appearance of different phenophases of weeds than the crop”
e1“resulting in 75.2 and 71.7 percent average increase in grain yield of maize, respectively over unweeded check”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetachlor 1.25 kg/ha increased maize grain yield by 71.7 over the unweeded check.
- Treatment
- acetachlor 1.25 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 71.7e1
- Comparator
- unweeded checke1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Effective control of weeds with atrazine 1.5 kg/ha and acetachlor 1.25 kg/ha delayed the emergence and appearance of different phenophases of weeds than the crop”
e1“resulting in 75.2 and 71.7 percent average increase in grain yield of maize, respectively over unweeded check”
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