Abstract
The increase of CO2 in the atmosphere decreases stomatal (leaf) conductance, followed by a reduction in evapotranspiration. This can improve both water-use efficiency and soil-water status, but may affect the local climate. Trifolium repens L., an element of most European grasslands, was chosen to study changes in stomatal conductance. A) At elevated CO2 levels (600 µmol.mol-1), a 34% reduction in stomatal conductance was found to be independent of the availability of nitrogen. Conversely, the decrease in stomata density on the upper and lower leaf surfaces reached only ?8% and ?7%, respectively. B) At natural CO2 springs (Slovenia), clover plants were exposed to extremely high [CO2], fluctuating up to 27 000 µmol.mol-1. Even though clover often responded by showing a strong reduction in leaf conductance, no complete stomatal closure was observed, whereas changes in [CO2] modified conductance within minutes. Experiments with potted plants also showed only partial stomata closure, with 29% on the abaxial and 38% on the adaxial side (1 hour, 25.000 µmol.mol-1 full sun light). C) Under controlled, stress-free conditions, stolon leaves of different age showed only a negligible variability in conductance. Conversely, when temporarily exposed to drought or water-logged soils, porometer data of the same stolon revealed that older leaves tolerated these stresses much better than younger ones. This was predominately expressed in speed of recovery.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 (600 µmol.mol-1) reduced stomatal conductance in clover by 34%, independent of nitrogen availability.
- Taxon
- Trifolium repens L.
Trifolium repense0 - Treatment
- elevated CO2 levels (600 µmol.mol-1)e1
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Value
- 34%e1
- Qualifier
- independent of the availability of nitrogene1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trifolium repens L., an element of most European grasslands, was chosen to study changes in stomatal conductance”
e1“At elevated CO2 levels (600 µmol.mol-1), a 34% reduction in stomatal conductance was found to be independent of the availability of nitrogen”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 reduced stomata density on the upper leaf surface of clover by only 8%.
- Taxon
- Trifolium repens L.Trifolium repense0
- Treatment
- elevated CO2 levelse1
- Outcome
- stomata densitye2
- Direction
- decreasee2
- Value
- ?8%e2
- Qualifier
- on the upper and lower leaf surfacese2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trifolium repens L., an element of most European grasslands, was chosen to study changes in stomatal conductance”
e1“At elevated CO2 levels (600 µmol.mol-1), a 34% reduction in stomatal conductance was found to be independent of the availability of nitrogen”
e2“the decrease in stomata density on the upper and lower leaf surfaces reached only ?8% and ?7%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 reduced stomata density on the lower leaf surface of clover by only 7%.
- Taxon
- Trifolium repens L.Trifolium repense0
- Treatment
- elevated CO2 levelse1
- Outcome
- stomata densitye2
- Direction
- decreasee2
- Value
- ?7%e2
- Qualifier
- on the upper and lower leaf surfacese2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trifolium repens L., an element of most European grasslands, was chosen to study changes in stomatal conductance”
e1“At elevated CO2 levels (600 µmol.mol-1), a 34% reduction in stomatal conductance was found to be independent of the availability of nitrogen”
e2“the decrease in stomata density on the upper and lower leaf surfaces reached only ?8% and ?7%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Clover at natural CO2 springs often showed a strong reduction in leaf conductance.
- Taxon
- Trifolium repens L.Trifolium repense0
- Treatment
- natural CO2 springs (Slovenia)e3
- Outcome
- leaf conductancee4
- Direction
- reductione4
- Qualifier
- oftene4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trifolium repens L., an element of most European grasslands, was chosen to study changes in stomatal conductance”
e3“At natural CO2 springs (Slovenia), clover plants were exposed to extremely high [CO2], fluctuating up to 27 000 µmol.mol-1”
e4“Even though clover often responded by showing a strong reduction in leaf conductance, no complete stomatal closure was observed, whereas changes in [CO2] modified conductance within minutes”
Claim · model-written summary
At natural CO2 springs no complete stomatal closure was observed in clover.
- Taxon
- Trifolium repens L.Trifolium repense0
- Treatment
- natural CO2 springs (Slovenia)e3
- Outcome
- complete stomatal closuree4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trifolium repens L., an element of most European grasslands, was chosen to study changes in stomatal conductance”
e3“At natural CO2 springs (Slovenia), clover plants were exposed to extremely high [CO2], fluctuating up to 27 000 µmol.mol-1”
e4“Even though clover often responded by showing a strong reduction in leaf conductance, no complete stomatal closure was observed, whereas changes in [CO2] modified conductance within minutes”
Claim · model-written summary
Changes in CO2 modified clover leaf conductance within minutes.
- Taxon
- Trifolium repens L.Trifolium repense0
- Treatment
- changes in [CO2]e4
- Outcome
- leaf conductancee4
- Direction
- modifiede4
- Qualifier
- within minutese4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trifolium repens L., an element of most European grasslands, was chosen to study changes in stomatal conductance”
e4“Even though clover often responded by showing a strong reduction in leaf conductance, no complete stomatal closure was observed, whereas changes in [CO2] modified conductance within minutes”
Claim · model-written summary
In potted clover plants exposed to 25.000 µmol.mol-1 full sun light for 1 hour, stomata closure on the abaxial side was partial, at 29%.
- Taxon
- Trifolium repens L.Trifolium repense0
- Treatment
- 25.000 µmol.mol-1 full sun lighte5
- Outcome
- stomata closuree5
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede5
- Value
- 29%e5
- Qualifier
- on the abaxiale5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trifolium repens L., an element of most European grasslands, was chosen to study changes in stomatal conductance”
e5“Experiments with potted plants also showed only partial stomata closure, with 29% on the abaxial and 38% on the adaxial side (1 hour, 25.000 µmol.mol-1 full sun light)”
Claim · model-written summary
In potted clover plants exposed to 25.000 µmol.mol-1 full sun light for 1 hour, stomata closure on the adaxial side was partial, at 38%.
- Taxon
- Trifolium repens L.Trifolium repense0
- Treatment
- 25.000 µmol.mol-1 full sun lighte5
- Outcome
- stomata closuree5
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede5
- Value
- 38%e5
- Qualifier
- on the adaxiale5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trifolium repens L., an element of most European grasslands, was chosen to study changes in stomatal conductance”
e5“Experiments with potted plants also showed only partial stomata closure, with 29% on the abaxial and 38% on the adaxial side (1 hour, 25.000 µmol.mol-1 full sun light)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under controlled, stress-free conditions, stolon leaves of different age showed only negligible variability in conductance in clover.
- Taxon
- Trifolium repens L.Trifolium repense0
- Organ / stage
- stolon leaves of different agee6
- Outcome
- variability in conductancee6
- Qualifier
- negligiblee6
- Setting
- controlled, stress-free conditionse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trifolium repens L., an element of most European grasslands, was chosen to study changes in stomatal conductance”
e6“Under controlled, stress-free conditions, stolon leaves of different age showed only a negligible variability in conductance”
Claim · model-written summary
Older clover leaves tolerated temporary drought or waterlogging much better than younger leaves, mainly in speed of recovery.
- Taxon
- Trifolium repens L.Trifolium repense0
- Organ / stage
- older leavese7
- Treatment
- drought or water-logged soilse7
- Outcome
- tolerated these stressese7
- Direction
- much bettere7
- Qualifier
- speed of recoverye7
- Comparator
- younger onese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trifolium repens L., an element of most European grasslands, was chosen to study changes in stomatal conductance”
e7“Conversely, when temporarily exposed to drought or water-logged soils, porometer data of the same stolon revealed that older leaves tolerated these stresses much better than younger ones. This was predominately expressed in speed of recovery”