Abstract
In a field experiment on barley at Rothamsted with the high mean yield of 49 cwt. of grain per acre, the varieties Proctor and Herta produced 10—15 per cent, more grain than Plumage-Archer on plots that received no nitrogenous fertilizer. When nitrogen was applied the difference was increased to about 30 per cent., because the higher nitrogen supply caused the Plumage-Archer crop to lodge and did not increase its yield, while Proctor and Herta remained standing. The three varieties did not differ in leaf-area index nor in net assimilation rate before ear emergence, so that all had the same total dry weight. After ear emergence, the leaf-area indices of Proctor and Plumage-Archer were nearly equal, but that of Herta was smaller. Assuming that the photosynthetic efficiency of the leaves continued to be the same in all varieties, the higher grain yields of Proctor and Herta cannot be attributed to greater production of dry matter by the leaves, either before or after ear emergence. A pot experiment on plants with shaded ears confirmed that the dry matter contributed to grain yield by unit leaf area was nearly equal in all the varieties. The higher grain yield of Proctor and Herta than of Plumage-Archer must therefore have come from additional photosynthesis in parts of the plant other than the leaves, i.e. in the ears themselves. An attempt to demonstrate this directly in a pot experiment, by comparing the grain yields of plants with shaded or with unshaded ears, was unsuccessful because the varieties behaved differently in pots; Proctor and Herta produced only about 6 per cent, more grain yield than Plumage-Archer, and though the decrease in grain yield by shading the ears was slightly greater for Proctor and Herta, the differences were not significant. The sum of ear sizes (estimated from length and breadth measurements) per m.1 in the field experiment was greater for Proctor and Herta than for Plumage-Archer. Also the distribution of dry matter between developing ears and shoots apparently differed with variety, so that at ear emergence the dry weight of ears per m.2 was greater in the two higher yielding varieties. The increased amount of photosynthetic tissue in the ears of Proctor and Herta, as measured by size or weight, may not wholly explain their greater dry-matter production; ears of Herta may also have a higher photosynthetic efficiency. No differences in nutrient uptake that could account for the varietal differences in grain yield were found. Plumage-Archer absorbed more potassium, and Herta less phosphorus than the other varieties. About a quarter of the final content of nitrogen, and a third of the phosphorus, was absorbed after ear emergence, but the potassium content was nearly maximal at ear emergence and later decreased. The pot experiment showed that, on the average of all varieties, 26 per cent. of the dry matter in the grain at harvest originated from photosynthesis in the ears, including 10 per cent, from the awns; 59 per cent, came from photosynthesis in the flag-leaf lamina and sheath and peduncle, and 15 per cent, from parts of the shoot below the flag leaf.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Proctor and Herta yielded 10—15 per cent more grain than Plumage-Archer without nitrogen fertilizer.
- Taxon
- Barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaret0 - Material
- Proctor and Hertae0
- Outcome
- graine0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 10—15 per cente0
- Comparator
- Plumage-Archere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“the varieties Proctor and Herta produced 10—15 per cent, more grain than Plumage-Archer on plots that received no nitrogenous fertilizer.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen increased the varietal grain yield difference to about 30 per cent.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- nitrogen was appliede0
- Outcome
- differencee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- about 30 per cente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When nitrogen was applied the difference was increased to about 30 per cent.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen caused Plumage-Archer lodging without increasing its yield.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Plumage-Archere0
- Treatment
- higher nitrogen supplye0
- Outcome
- crop to lodgee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the higher nitrogen supply caused the Plumage-Archer crop to lodge and did not increase its yield”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Proctor and Herta remained standing under higher nitrogen.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Proctor and Hertae0
- Outcome
- remained standinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while Proctor and Herta remained standing.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
The three varieties had similar leaf-area index, net assimilation rate and total dry weight before ear emergence.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Organ / stage
- before ear emergencee0
- Outcome
- leaf-area index nor in net assimilation ratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The three varieties did not differ in leaf-area index nor in net assimilation rate before ear emergence, so that all had the same total dry weight.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
After ear emergence Herta had a smaller leaf-area index than Proctor and Plumage-Archer.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Hertae0
- Outcome
- leaf-area indicese0
- Direction
- smallere0
- Comparator
- Proctor and Plumage-Archere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After ear emergence, the leaf-area indices of Proctor and Plumage-Archer were nearly equal, but that of Herta was smaller.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Shaded-ear pot experiment found nearly equal dry matter contribution per leaf area across varieties.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- shaded earse0
- Outcome
- dry matter contributed to grain yield by unit leaf areae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A pot experiment on plants with shaded ears confirmed that the dry matter contributed to grain yield by unit leaf area was nearly equal in all the varieties.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attributed higher yield to photosynthesis by the ears.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Proctor and Hertae0
- Outcome
- higher grain yielde0
- Qualifier
- additional photosynthesis in parts of the plant other than the leavese0
- Comparator
- Plumage-Archere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The higher grain yield of Proctor and Herta than of Plumage-Archer must therefore have come from additional photosynthesis in parts of the plant other than the leaves, i.e. in the ears themselves.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
In pots, Proctor and Herta yielded only about 6 per cent more than Plumage-Archer.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Proctor and Hertae0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- about 6 per cente0
- Comparator
- Plumage-Archere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Proctor and Herta produced only about 6 per cent, more grain yield than Plumage-Archer”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Ear shading caused a slightly greater yield decrease for Proctor and Herta, without significant varietal differences.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“the decrease in grain yield by shading the ears was slightly greater for Proctor and Herta, the differences were not significant.”
Claim · model-written summary
Field ear sizes were greater for Proctor and Herta than Plumage-Archer.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Proctor and Hertae0
- Outcome
- sum of ear sizese0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- Plumage-Archere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The sum of ear sizes (estimated from length and breadth measurements) per m.1 in the field experiment was greater for Proctor and Herta than for Plumage-Archer.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Ear dry weight at emergence was greater in the higher yielding varieties.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Organ / stage
- ear emergencee0
- Outcome
- dry weight of ears per m.2e0
- Direction
- greatere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at ear emergence the dry weight of ears per m.2 was greater in the two higher yielding varieties.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Herta ears may have higher photosynthetic efficiency.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Hertae0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic efficiencye0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ears of Herta may also have a higher photosynthetic efficiency.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Plumage-Archer absorbed more potassium.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Plumage-Archere0
- Outcome
- absorbed more potassiume0
- Direction
- moree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plumage-Archer absorbed more potassium, and Herta less phosphorus than the other varieties.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Herta absorbed less phosphorus than the other varieties.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Hertae0
- Outcome
- phosphoruse0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- other varietiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plumage-Archer absorbed more potassium, and Herta less phosphorus than the other varieties.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
About a quarter of final nitrogen was absorbed after ear emergence.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- final content of nitrogene0
- Value
- About a quartere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“About a quarter of the final content of nitrogen, and a third of the phosphorus, was absorbed after ear emergence”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
A third of phosphorus was absorbed after ear emergence.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- phosphoruse0
- Value
- a thirde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a third of the phosphorus, was absorbed after ear emergence”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium content was nearly maximal at ear emergence and later decreased.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- potassium contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the potassium content was nearly maximal at ear emergence and later decreased.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Ear photosynthesis contributed 26 per cent of grain dry matter, including 10 per cent from awns.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- dry matter in the grain at harveste0
- Value
- 26 per cente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“26 per cent. of the dry matter in the grain at harvest originated from photosynthesis in the ears, including 10 per cent, from the awns”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Flag-leaf lamina, sheath and peduncle supplied 59 per cent of grain dry matter, and lower shoots supplied 15 per cent.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis in the flag-leaf lamina and sheath and pedunclee0
- Value
- 59 per cente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“59 per cent, came from photosynthesis in the flag-leaf lamina and sheath and peduncle, and 15 per cent, from parts of the shoot below the flag leaf.”
t0“Barley”
The same questions in other papers
shade · yield · Hordeum vulgare (barley)Results differ
10 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
10 papers more in this group
See all 14 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.