Abstract
A study was conducted to test alternative production practices that lessen the use of carbamate fungicides in the field and post-harvest washing techniques that help to reduce carbamate residues in canned spinach. Five spinach genotypes showed a high degree of resistance to white rust, the predominant field disease. The fungicide Ridomil used alone or combined with copper or Maneb provided the best control in susceptible cultivars. Maneb alone or combined with copper controlled white rust but not as efficiently as Ridomil. The most efficient washing methods to remove Maneb residues were washing with a detergent solution plus water or ozonated water or a triple wash with detergent, water and ozonated water. The lowest residue levels of ethylenethiourea (ETU), a carcinogenic carbamate derivative, detected in the washing treatments was in the range of 0.15 to 0.45 ppm. ETU in the non-washed controls fluctuated from 0.85 to 2.31 ppm.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Five spinach genotypes had high resistance to white rust.
- Taxon
- spinach
Spinacia oleraceae0 - Material
- Five spinach genotypese0
- Interactor
- white ruste0pathogen
- Outcome
- resistance to white ruste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Five spinach genotypes showed a high degree of resistance to white rust”
Claim · model-written summary
Ridomil alone or with copper or Maneb provided the best white-rust control in susceptible cultivars.
- Taxon
- SPINACHSpinacia oleraceat0
- Material
- susceptible cultivarse0
- Treatment
- Ridomil used alone or combined with copper or Manebe0
- Interactor
- white ruste1pathogen
- Outcome
- best controle0
- Direction
- beste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fungicide Ridomil used alone or combined with copper or Maneb provided the best control in susceptible cultivars”
e1“resistance to white rust”
t0“SPINACH”
Claim · model-written summary
Maneb alone or with copper controlled white rust less efficiently than Ridomil.
- Taxon
- SPINACHSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Maneb alone or combined with coppere0
- Interactor
- white ruste0pathogen
- Outcome
- white ruste0
- Direction
- not as efficientlye0
- Comparator
- Ridomile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maneb alone or combined with copper controlled white rust but not as efficiently as Ridomil”
t0“SPINACH”
Claim · model-written summary
Detergent plus water, ozonated water, or a triple wash were the most efficient at removing Maneb residues.
- Taxon
- SPINACHSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- washing with a detergent solution plus water or ozonated water or a triple wash with detergent, water and ozonated watere0
- Outcome
- Maneb residuese0
- Direction
- most efficiente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most efficient washing methods to remove Maneb residues were washing with a detergent solution plus water or ozonated water or a triple wash with detergent, water and ozonated water”
t0“SPINACH”
Claim · model-written summary
Lowest ETU residue levels after washing were 0.15 to 0.45 ppm.
- Taxon
- SPINACHSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- washing treatmentse0
- Outcome
- residue levels of ethylenethiourea (ETU)e0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 0.15 to 0.45 ppme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lowest residue levels of ethylenethiourea (ETU), a carcinogenic carbamate derivative, detected in the washing treatments was in the range of 0.15 to 0.45 ppm”
t0“SPINACH”
Claim · model-written summary
ETU residues in non-washed controls ranged from 0.85 to 2.31 ppm.
- Taxon
- SPINACHSpinacia oleraceat0
- Outcome
- ETUe0
- Value
- 0.85 to 2.31 ppme0
- Comparator
- non-washed controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ETU in the non-washed controls fluctuated from 0.85 to 2.31 ppm”
t0“SPINACH”
The same questions in other papers
copper atom · disease · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
detergent · molecular: metabolites · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
processing · molecular: metabolites · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.