Abstract
Stomata are formed by a pair of guard cells which have thickened, elastic cell walls to withstand the large increases in turgor pressure that have to be generated to open the pore that they surround. We have characterized FOCL1, a guard cell-expressed, secreted protein with homology to Hyp-rich cell wall proteins. FOCL1-GFP localizes to the guard cell outer cuticular ledge and plants lacking FOCL1 produce stomata without a cuticular ledge. Instead the majority of stomatal pores are entirely covered over by a continuous fusion of the cuticle, and consequently plants have decreased levels of transpiration and display drought tolerance. The focl1 guard cells are larger and less able to reduce the aperture of their stomatal pore in response to closure signals suggesting that the flexibility of guard cell walls is impaired. FOCL1 is also expressed in lateral root initials where it aids lateral root emergence. We propose that FOCL1 acts in these highly specialized cells of the stomata and root to impart cell wall strength at high turgor and/or to facilitate interactions between the cell wall and the cuticle.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
FOCL1 is a guard cell expressed secreted protein homologous to cell wall proteins.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee1
- Gene
- FOCL1e0
- Outcome
- guard cell-expressed, secreted proteine0
- Qualifier
- homology to Hyp-rich cell wall proteinse0
Verbatim
e0“FOCL1, a guard cell-expressed, secreted protein with homology to Hyp-rich cell wall proteins.”
e1“plants lacking FOCL1 produce stomata without a cuticular ledge.”
Claim · model-written summary
FOCL1-GFP localized to the guard cell outer cuticular ledge.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee1
- Gene
- FOCL1-GFPe0
- Outcome
- localizes to the guard cell outer cuticular ledgee0
Verbatim
e0“FOCL1-GFP localizes to the guard cell outer cuticular ledge”
t0“Stomatal Outer Cuticular Ledge”
e1“plants lacking FOCL1 produce stomata without a cuticular ledge.”
Claim · model-written summary
Plants lacking FOCL1 produced stomata without a cuticular ledge.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Gene
- FOCL1e0
- Outcome
- stomata without a cuticular ledgee0
Verbatim
e0“plants lacking FOCL1 produce stomata without a cuticular ledge.”
Claim · model-written summary
Most stomatal pores of FOCL1-deficient plants were covered by fused cuticle.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee1
- Gene
- FOCL1e2
- Outcome
- stomatal pores are entirely covered over by a continuous fusion of the cuticlee0
Verbatim
e0“the majority of stomatal pores are entirely covered over by a continuous fusion of the cuticle”
t0“Requires a Guard Cell Wall Proline-Rich Protein”
e1“plants lacking FOCL1 produce stomata without a cuticular ledge.”
e2“FOCL1, a guard cell-expressed, secreted protein with homology to Hyp-rich cell wall proteins.”
Claim · model-written summary
FOCL1-deficient plants had reduced transpiration.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Outcome
- transpiratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Verbatim
e0“plants have decreased levels of transpiration”
Claim · model-written summary
FOCL1-deficient plants displayed drought tolerance.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Outcome
- drought tolerancee0
Verbatim
e0“plants have decreased levels of transpiration and display drought tolerance.”
Claim · model-written summary
focl1 guard cells were larger.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee1
- Material
- focl1e0
- Outcome
- guard cellse0
- Direction
- largere0
Verbatim
e0“The focl1 guard cells are larger”
t0“Stomatal Outer Cuticular Ledge”
e1“plants lacking FOCL1 produce stomata without a cuticular ledge.”
Claim · model-written summary
focl1 guard cells were less able to narrow stomatal apertures after closure signals.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee1
- Treatment
- closure signalse0
- Outcome
- reduce the aperture of their stomatal poree0
- Direction
- less ablee0
Verbatim
e0“less able to reduce the aperture of their stomatal pore in response to closure signals”
t0“Stomatal Outer Cuticular Ledge”
e1“plants lacking FOCL1 produce stomata without a cuticular ledge.”
Claim · model-written summary
FOCL1 is expressed in lateral root initials.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee1
- Gene
- FOCL1e0
- Outcome
- expressed in lateral root initialse0
Verbatim
e0“FOCL1 is also expressed in lateral root initials”
t0“Stomatal Outer Cuticular Ledge”
e1“plants lacking FOCL1 produce stomata without a cuticular ledge.”
Claim · model-written summary
FOCL1 aided lateral root emergence.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee1
- Gene
- FOCL1e0
- Outcome
- lateral root emergencee0
Verbatim
e0“FOCL1 is also expressed in lateral root initials where it aids lateral root emergence.”
t0“Stomatal Outer Cuticular Ledge”
e1“plants lacking FOCL1 produce stomata without a cuticular ledge.”