Abstract
Wheat samples collected from 5 wheat growing districts of Kenya were investigated for contamination by different fungi. Kernels were plated on agar media and the fungi that grew were identified by cultural and morphological characteristics to genus level. Fusarium isolates were identified to species level and isolates of F. graminearum were tested for mycotoxin production in culture. The major genera of fungi isolated according to decreasing frequency were Epicoccum (52.8%), Alternaria (34%), Fusarium (6%), Aspergillus (2.3%) and Penicillium (1.8%). The frequently isolated Epicoccum species was identified as E. purpurascenes. Cladosporium and Rhizopus spp. were also isolated at very low frequencies. The most frequently isolated Fusarium species were F. poae (43%), F. graminearum (39%), and F. avenaceum (8%). Other Fusarium species isolated were F. equiseti, F. oxysporum, F. camptoceras and F. chlamydosporium. Most isolates of F. graminearum produced mycotoxin deoxynivalenol and zearalenone. The isolated Fusarium species are known to cause head blight in wheat resulting in mycotoxin contamination of the grains. The results therefore indicated that head blight is widely distributed at low levels in the wheat growing areas investigated. This inoculum is potentially capable of producing severe infections under optimum weather conditions.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Epicoccum was isolated at 52.8% frequency from wheat kernels.
- Interactor
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0host - Outcome
- frequencye0
- Value
- 52.8%e0
EpicoccumNot reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The major genera of fungi isolated according to decreasing frequency were Epicoccum (52.8%), Alternaria (34%), Fusarium (6%), Aspergillus (2.3%) and Penicillium (1.8%).”
t0“wheat kernels”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternaria was isolated at 34% frequency from wheat kernels.
- Taxon
- Alternaria
Alternariae0 - Interactor
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0host
- Outcome
- frequencye0
- Value
- 34%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The major genera of fungi isolated according to decreasing frequency were Epicoccum (52.8%), Alternaria (34%), Fusarium (6%), Aspergillus (2.3%) and Penicillium (1.8%).”
t0“wheat kernels”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium was isolated at 6% frequency from wheat kernels.
- Interactor
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0host
- Outcome
- frequencye0
- Value
- 6%e0
FusariumNot reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The major genera of fungi isolated according to decreasing frequency were Epicoccum (52.8%), Alternaria (34%), Fusarium (6%), Aspergillus (2.3%) and Penicillium (1.8%).”
t0“wheat kernels”
Claim · model-written summary
Aspergillus was isolated at 2.3% frequency from wheat kernels.
- Taxon
- Aspergillus
Aspergilluse0 - Interactor
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0host
- Outcome
- frequencye0
- Value
- 2.3%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The major genera of fungi isolated according to decreasing frequency were Epicoccum (52.8%), Alternaria (34%), Fusarium (6%), Aspergillus (2.3%) and Penicillium (1.8%).”
t0“wheat kernels”
Claim · model-written summary
Penicillium was isolated at 1.8% frequency from wheat kernels.
- Taxon
- Penicillium
Penicilliume0 - Interactor
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0host
- Outcome
- frequencye0
- Value
- 1.8%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The major genera of fungi isolated according to decreasing frequency were Epicoccum (52.8%), Alternaria (34%), Fusarium (6%), Aspergillus (2.3%) and Penicillium (1.8%).”
t0“wheat kernels”
Claim · model-written summary
The frequently isolated Epicoccum species was identified as E. purpurascenes.
- Outcome
- E. purpurascenese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The frequently isolated Epicoccum species was identified as E. purpurascenes.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cladosporium was isolated at very low frequency.
- Taxon
- Cladosporium
Cladosporiume0 - Outcome
- frequenciese0
- Direction
- very lowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cladosporium and Rhizopus spp. were also isolated at very low frequencies.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizopus spp. were isolated at very low frequency.
_spores%2C_which_is_green_using_Light_Microscope%2C_Normal_image_without_any_coloring_or_processing_By_researcher_El_sayed_Al_gayar%2C_Faculty_of_Agriculture_Damietta_University.jpg?width=60){kind=small}
RhizopusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_spores%2C_which_is_green_using_Light_Microscope%2C_Normal_image_without_any_coloring_or_processing_By_researcher_El_sayed_Al_gayar%2C_Faculty_of_Agriculture_Damietta_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Cladosporium and Rhizopus spp. were also isolated at very low frequencies.”
Claim · model-written summary
F. poae accounted for 43% of Fusarium isolates.
- Taxon
- F. poae
Fusarium poaee0 - Outcome
- frequently isolated Fusarium speciese0
- Value
- 43%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most frequently isolated Fusarium species were F. poae (43%), F. graminearum (39%), and F. avenaceum (8%).”
Claim · model-written summary
F. graminearum accounted for 39% of Fusarium isolates.
- Taxon
- F. graminearum
_on_Corn_(Zea_mays)_at_Waimea%2C_Hawaii.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium graminearume0 - Outcome
- frequently isolated Fusarium speciese0
- Value
- 39%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_on_Corn_(Zea_mays)_at_Waimea%2C_Hawaii.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The most frequently isolated Fusarium species were F. poae (43%), F. graminearum (39%), and F. avenaceum (8%).”
Claim · model-written summary
F. avenaceum accounted for 8% of Fusarium isolates.
- Taxon
- F. avenaceum
Fusarium avenaceume0 - Outcome
- frequently isolated Fusarium speciese0
- Value
- 8%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most frequently isolated Fusarium species were F. poae (43%), F. graminearum (39%), and F. avenaceum (8%).”
Claim · model-written summary
F. equiseti was also isolated.
- Taxon
- F. equisetiFusarium equisetie0
- Outcome
- isolatede0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Other Fusarium species isolated were F. equiseti, F. oxysporum, F. camptoceras and F. chlamydosporium.”
Claim · model-written summary
F. oxysporum was also isolated.
- Taxon
- F. oxysporum
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporume0 - Outcome
- isolatede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Other Fusarium species isolated were F. equiseti, F. oxysporum, F. camptoceras and F. chlamydosporium.”
Claim · model-written summary
F. camptoceras was also isolated.
- Taxon
- F. camptocerasFusarium camptocerase0
- Outcome
- isolatede0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Other Fusarium species isolated were F. equiseti, F. oxysporum, F. camptoceras and F. chlamydosporium.”
Claim · model-written summary
F. chlamydosporium was also isolated.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Other Fusarium species isolated were F. equiseti, F. oxysporum, F. camptoceras and F. chlamydosporium.”
Claim · model-written summary
Most F. graminearum isolates produced deoxynivalenol and zearalenone.
- Taxon
- F. graminearumFusarium graminearume0
- Outcome
- mycotoxin deoxynivalenol and zearalenonee0
- Qualifier
- Most isolatese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Most isolates of F. graminearum produced mycotoxin deoxynivalenol and zearalenone.”
Claim · model-written summary
The results indicated that head blight was widely distributed at low levels in the investigated wheat growing areas.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- head blight is widely distributed at low levelse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results therefore indicated that head blight is widely distributed at low levels in the wheat growing areas investigated.”
Claim · model-written summary
The inoculum was potentially capable of severe infections under optimum weather conditions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- severe infectionse0
- Qualifier
- potentially capable of producing severe infections under optimum weather conditionse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This inoculum is potentially capable of producing severe infections under optimum weather conditions.”
t0“wheat kernels”