Abstract
Water shortage has threatened sustainable development of agriculture globally as well as in the North China Plain (NCP). Irrigation, as the most effective way to increase food production in dry land, may not be readily available in the situation of drought. One of the alternatives is to supply plants with enough nutrients so that they can be more sustainable to the water stress. The objective of this study was to explore effects of irrigation and sulphur (S) application on water consumption, dry matter accumulation (DMA), and grain yield of winter wheat in NCP. Three irrigation regimes including no irrigation (rainfed, I0) during the whole growth period, once irrigation only at jointing stage (90 mm, I1), and twice respective irrigation at jointing and anthesis stages (90 mm plus 90 mm, I2), and two levels of S application including 0 (S0) and 60 kg ha−1 (S60) were designed in the field experiment in NCP. Results showed that increasing irrigation times significantly increased mean grain yield of wheat by 12.5-23.7% and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP) by 21.2-45.0% in two wheat seasons, but markedly decreased crop water use efficiency (YWUE). Furthermore, S supply 60 kg ha−1 significantly increased mean grain yield, YWUE, IWUE and NPFP by 5.6, 6.1, 23.2, and 5.6% (across two wheat seasons), respectively. However, we also found that role of soil moisture prior to S application was one of important greater factors on improving the absorption and utilization of storage water and nutrients of soil. Thus, water supply is still the most important factor to restrict the growth of wheat in the present case of NCP, supplying 60 kg ha−1 S with once irrigation 90 mm at the jointing stage is a relatively appropriate recommended combination to improve grain yield and WUE of wheat when saving water resources is be considered in irrigated wheat farmlands of NCP.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
More irrigation increased wheat grain yield by 12.5-23.7% across two seasons.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- increasing irrigation timese0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12.5-23.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing irrigation times significantly increased mean grain yield of wheat by 12.5-23.7% and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP) by 21.2-45.0% in two wheat seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
More irrigation increased nitrogen partial factor productivity by 21.2-45.0%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- increasing irrigation timese0
- Outcome
- nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 21.2-45.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing irrigation times significantly increased mean grain yield of wheat by 12.5-23.7% and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP) by 21.2-45.0% in two wheat seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
More irrigation decreased crop water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- increasing irrigation timese0
- Outcome
- crop water use efficiency (YWUE)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing irrigation times significantly increased mean grain yield of wheat by 12.5-23.7% and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP) by 21.2-45.0% in two wheat seasons, but markedly decreased crop water use efficiency (YWUE)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur supply increased mean grain yield by 5.6%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“S supply 60 kg ha−1 significantly increased mean grain yield, YWUE, IWUE and NPFP by 5.6, 6.1, 23.2, and 5.6% (across two wheat seasons), respectively”
e1“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur supply increased YWUE by 6.1%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“S supply 60 kg ha−1 significantly increased mean grain yield, YWUE, IWUE and NPFP by 5.6, 6.1, 23.2, and 5.6% (across two wheat seasons), respectively”
e1“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur supply increased IWUE by 23.2%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“S supply 60 kg ha−1 significantly increased mean grain yield, YWUE, IWUE and NPFP by 5.6, 6.1, 23.2, and 5.6% (across two wheat seasons), respectively”
e1“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur supply increased NPFP by 5.6%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“S supply 60 kg ha−1 significantly increased mean grain yield, YWUE, IWUE and NPFP by 5.6, 6.1, 23.2, and 5.6% (across two wheat seasons), respectively”
e1“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil moisture before sulfur application influenced absorption and use of stored soil water and nutrients.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“role of soil moisture prior to S application was one of important greater factors on improving the absorption and utilization of storage water and nutrients of soil”
e1“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Water supply was the main limit on wheat growth in this North China Plain case.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- growth of wheate0
- Direction
- restricte0
- Setting
- NCPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water supply is still the most important factor to restrict the growth of wheat in the present case of NCP”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 60 kg ha−1 sulfur with one 90 mm irrigation at jointing to improve wheat grain yield and water use efficiency while saving water.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- supplying 60 kg ha−1 S with once irrigation 90 mm at the jointing stagee0
- Outcome
- improve grain yield and WUE of wheate0
- Setting
- NCPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“supplying 60 kg ha−1 S with once irrigation 90 mm at the jointing stage is a relatively appropriate recommended combination to improve grain yield and WUE of wheat when saving water resources is be considered in irrigated wheat farmlands of NCP”
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