Abstract
Turfgrass is one of the important components of ornamental plant in the construction of parks and landscapes so that the purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of type and different concentrations of Copper, Zinc and Cobalt on germination and seedling growth of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) seeds in in vitro conditions. This study was carried out in 2014. A factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications in laboratory. Seeds were sown in the sterilized medium containing 7 g/L of agar under the laminar air flow. Then, three solutions of ZnSO4, CuSO4 and COCl2 in five concentrations of 0, 20, 50, 100 and 200 mg/L were prepared. Seeds were placed in the incubator at 24°C and 50% humidity for 25 days. Seed germination traits and seedling growth were recorded. Results showed that zinc and copper had minimum and maximum inhibitory effects on seedling growth, respectively. At the presence of copper, by increasing the concentration from 0 to 200 mg/L, the germination and seeding growth were sharply reduced. Inhibitory effects on seedling growth were found in higher concentrations than 50 mg/L at the presence of zinc and cobalt metals. The minimum rate of germination and seedling growth in both red fescue and perennial ryegrass was observed in the concentrations of 20 to 200 mg/L of copper. Therefore, perennial ryegrass and red fescue as turfgrass cannot germinate and grow in soils with copper contamination even at low concentrations, but they can tolerate moderate concentration zinc and particularly cobalt contamination in the polluted environments.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc had the minimum inhibitory effect on seedling growth.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and red fescue (Festuca rubra L.)
Lolium perenne
Festuca rubrae1 - Treatment
- zince0
- Outcome
- inhibitory effects on seedling growthe0
- Direction
- minimume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“zinc and copper had minimum and maximum inhibitory effects on seedling growth, respectively.”
e1“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and red fescue (Festuca rubra L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper had the maximum inhibitory effect on seedling growth.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and red fescue (Festuca rubra L.)Lolium perenneFestuca rubrae1
- Treatment
- coppere0
- Outcome
- inhibitory effects on seedling growthe0
- Direction
- maximume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“zinc and copper had minimum and maximum inhibitory effects on seedling growth, respectively.”
e1“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and red fescue (Festuca rubra L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing copper concentration from 0 to 200 mg/L sharply reduced germination and seedling growth.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and red fescue (Festuca rubra L.)Lolium perenneFestuca rubrae1
- Treatment
- coppere0
- Outcome
- germination and seeding growthe0
- Direction
- sharply reducede0
- Value
- 200 mg/Le0
- Comparator
- 0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the presence of copper, by increasing the concentration from 0 to 200 mg/L, the germination and seeding growth were sharply reduced.”
e1“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and red fescue (Festuca rubra L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc inhibited seedling growth above 50 mg/L.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and red fescue (Festuca rubra L.)Lolium perenneFestuca rubrae1
- Treatment
- zince0
- Outcome
- seedling growthe0
- Direction
- Inhibitorye0
- Qualifier
- higher concentrations than 50 mg/Le0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inhibitory effects on seedling growth were found in higher concentrations than 50 mg/L at the presence of zinc and cobalt metals.”
e1“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and red fescue (Festuca rubra L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cobalt inhibited seedling growth above 50 mg/L.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and red fescue (Festuca rubra L.)Lolium perenneFestuca rubrae1
- Treatment
- cobalte0
- Outcome
- seedling growthe0
- Direction
- Inhibitorye0
- Qualifier
- higher concentrations than 50 mg/Le0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inhibitory effects on seedling growth were found in higher concentrations than 50 mg/L at the presence of zinc and cobalt metals.”
e1“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and red fescue (Festuca rubra L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Red fescue had minimum germination and seedling growth under 20 to 200 mg/L copper.
Verbatim
e0“The minimum rate of germination and seedling growth in both red fescue and perennial ryegrass was observed in the concentrations of 20 to 200 mg/L of copper.”
Claim · model-written summary
Perennial ryegrass had minimum germination and seedling growth under 20 to 200 mg/L copper.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- 20 to 200 mg/L of coppere0
- Outcome
- rate of germination and seedling growthe0
- Direction
- minimume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The minimum rate of germination and seedling growth in both red fescue and perennial ryegrass was observed in the concentrations of 20 to 200 mg/L of copper.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded that perennial ryegrass cannot germinate and grow in copper contaminated soils even at low concentrations.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- copper contaminatione0
- Outcome
- cannot germinate and growe0
- Qualifier
- even at low concentrationse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“perennial ryegrass and red fescue as turfgrass cannot germinate and grow in soils with copper contamination even at low concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded that red fescue cannot germinate and grow in copper contaminated soils even at low concentrations.
- Taxon
- red fescuee0
- Treatment
- copper contaminatione0
- Outcome
- cannot germinate and growe0
- Qualifier
- even at low concentrationse0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“perennial ryegrass and red fescue as turfgrass cannot germinate and grow in soils with copper contamination even at low concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
The turfgrasses can tolerate moderate zinc contamination.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrass and red fescuee0
- Treatment
- zince0
- Outcome
- can tolerate moderate concentration zince0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“perennial ryegrass and red fescue as turfgrass cannot germinate and grow in soils with copper contamination even at low concentrations, but they can tolerate moderate concentration zinc and particularly cobalt contamination in the polluted environments.”
Claim · model-written summary
The turfgrasses can particularly tolerate moderate cobalt contamination.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“perennial ryegrass and red fescue as turfgrass cannot germinate and grow in soils with copper contamination even at low concentrations, but they can tolerate moderate concentration zinc and particularly cobalt contamination in the polluted environments.”
The same questions in other papers
zinc atom · growth · Festuca rubraPositive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →copper atom · growth · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
zinc atom · growth · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.