Abstract
The role of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) as an intermediate of the biological tetrapyrrole synthesis or a herbicide is well documented. In the present report, to elucidate mechanism of promotive effects and herbicidal action of ALA, this compound was applied to 1.5 leaf stages of barley and wheat at lower (0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 mM) and higher (5, 10, and 30 mM) concentrations. Shoot fresh weight in barley and wheat was increased up to 12-26% and 3-9% by ALA at lower concentrations, respectively. On the other hand, the shoot fresh weight in barley and wheat were inhibited up to 23-92% and 34-83% by ALA at higher concentrations, respectively. The capacity for ALA synthesis was much higher in barley than in wheat at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 days after seeding. When the barley and wheat plants were applied on 5 mM of ALA solution in darkness for 12 hrs and then exposed to light, rapid electrolyte leakage, reduction of chlorophyll content, and increase of lipid peroxidation from the plants occurred. The herbicidal action in the barley was similar to those of wheat. Although porphyrin intermediate, protochlorophyllide, Mg-protoporphyrin Ⅸ, and protoporphyrin Ⅸ (Proto Ⅸ) were accumulated with 5 mM of ALA treatment, the ratio of accumulated of Proto Ⅸ was the greatest among the tested porphyrin intermediate. It reached more than 23 and 26-fold of control of barley and wheat after 12 hrs in darkness. The accumulation of Proto Ⅸ was much greater after the 12 hrs treatment in darkness than that after the 4 hrs treatment in light. The ratios of other porphyrins were small and changed little in both 12 hrs treatment in darkness and 4 hrs treatment in light. It is considered that phytotoxic action of ALA to barley and wheat is caused by the phytodynamic action of accumulated Proto Ⅸ
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Low ALA concentrations increased barley shoot fresh weight by 12-26%.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0 - Treatment
- ALA at lower concentrationse0
- Outcome
- Shoot fresh weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12-26%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Shoot fresh weight in barley and wheat was increased up to 12-26% and 3-9% by ALA at lower concentrations, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Low ALA concentrations increased wheat shoot fresh weight by 3-9%.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- ALA at lower concentrationse0
- Outcome
- Shoot fresh weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 3-9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot fresh weight in barley and wheat was increased up to 12-26% and 3-9% by ALA at lower concentrations, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
High ALA concentrations inhibited barley shoot fresh weight by 23-92%.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- ALA at higher concentrationse0
- Outcome
- shoot fresh weighte0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 23-92%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the shoot fresh weight in barley and wheat were inhibited up to 23-92% and 34-83% by ALA at higher concentrations, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
High ALA concentrations inhibited wheat shoot fresh weight by 34-83%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- ALA at higher concentrationse0
- Outcome
- shoot fresh weighte0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 34-83%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the shoot fresh weight in barley and wheat were inhibited up to 23-92% and 34-83% by ALA at higher concentrations, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
ALA synthesis capacity was higher in barley than wheat across days 5 to 25.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Outcome
- capacity for ALA synthesise0
- Direction
- much highere0
- Qualifier
- 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 days after seedinge0
- Comparator
- wheate0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The capacity for ALA synthesis was much higher in barley than in wheat at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 days after seeding”
Claim · model-written summary
After dark ALA treatment and light exposure, barley and wheat showed rapid electrolyte leakage.
- Taxon
- barley and wheatHordeum vulgareTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 5 mM of ALA solution in darkness for 12 hrs and then exposed to lighte0
- Outcome
- rapid electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- rapide0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When the barley and wheat plants were applied on 5 mM of ALA solution in darkness for 12 hrs and then exposed to light, rapid electrolyte leakage, reduction of chlorophyll content, and increase of lipid peroxidation from the plants occurred”
Claim · model-written summary
That treatment reduced chlorophyll content in barley and wheat.
- Taxon
- barley and wheatHordeum vulgareTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 5 mM of ALA solution in darkness for 12 hrs and then exposed to lighte0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When the barley and wheat plants were applied on 5 mM of ALA solution in darkness for 12 hrs and then exposed to light, rapid electrolyte leakage, reduction of chlorophyll content, and increase of lipid peroxidation from the plants occurred”
Claim · model-written summary
That treatment increased lipid peroxidation in barley and wheat.
- Taxon
- barley and wheatHordeum vulgareTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 5 mM of ALA solution in darkness for 12 hrs and then exposed to lighte0
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When the barley and wheat plants were applied on 5 mM of ALA solution in darkness for 12 hrs and then exposed to light, rapid electrolyte leakage, reduction of chlorophyll content, and increase of lipid peroxidation from the plants occurred”
Claim · model-written summary
ALA herbicidal action was similar in barley and wheat.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Outcome
- herbicidal actione0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- wheate0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The herbicidal action in the barley was similar to those of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 5 mM ALA, Proto Ⅸ had the greatest accumulation ratio among measured porphyrins.
- Outcome
- ratio of accumulated of Proto Ⅸe0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Comparator
- tested porphyrin intermediatee0
Not reportedTaxonTreatment
Verbatim
e0“the ratio of accumulated of Proto Ⅸ was the greatest among the tested porphyrin intermediate”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley Proto Ⅸ reached over 23-fold control after 12 dark hours.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Outcome
- It reachede0
- Direction
- more thane0
- Value
- 23e0
- Qualifier
- after 12 hrs in darknesse0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It reached more than 23 and 26-fold of control of barley and wheat after 12 hrs in darkness”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat Proto Ⅸ reached over 26-fold control after 12 dark hours.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- It reachede0
- Direction
- more thane0
- Value
- 26-folde0
- Qualifier
- after 12 hrs in darknesse0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It reached more than 23 and 26-fold of control of barley and wheat after 12 hrs in darkness”
Claim · model-written summary
Proto Ⅸ accumulation was greater after 12 dark hours than after 4 light hours.
- Outcome
- accumulation of Proto Ⅸe0
- Direction
- much greatere0
- Qualifier
- 12 hrs treatment in darknesse0
- Comparator
- 4 hrs treatment in lighte0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The accumulation of Proto Ⅸ was much greater after the 12 hrs treatment in darkness than that after the 4 hrs treatment in light”
Claim · model-written summary
Other porphyrins changed little in either light or dark treatment.
- Outcome
- ratios of other porphyrinse0
- Direction
- changed littlee0
- Qualifier
- both 12 hrs treatment in darkness and 4 hrs treatment in lighte0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The ratios of other porphyrins were small and changed little in both 12 hrs treatment in darkness and 4 hrs treatment in light”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors attribute ALA phytotoxicity to accumulated Proto Ⅸ photodynamic action.
- Taxon
- barley and wheatHordeum vulgareTriticum aestivume0
- Compound
- Proto Ⅸe0
- Outcome
- phytotoxic action of ALAe0
- Qualifier
- phytodynamic actione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phytotoxic action of ALA to barley and wheat is caused by the phytodynamic action of accumulated Proto Ⅸ”
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5-aminolevulinic acid · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
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8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.