Abstract
The increased occurrence of chalky rice grains as a result of global warming is becoming a serious problem. The application of deep-flood irrigation (DFI) to a water depth of 18 cm from the active tillering stage to the maximum tillering stage suppresses the occurrence of chalky grains under both high and normal temperature conditions without decreasing yields. The mechanism by which DFI reduces chalky grains was analyzed relative to carbohydrate supply as carbohydrate deficiencies have been proposed as a cause of chalky grains. DFI suppresses the occurrence of chalky grains due to the increased supply of carbohydrates to the panicles. In paddy fields where a water depth of 18 cm is not possible, such as in paddy fields with low levees or low water supplies, the combined use of moderate DFI at a water depth of 10 cm with deep planting can be substituted to produce high-quality rice. DFI did not damage root activity at the ripening stage, even in soils with a low redox potential. Although the DFI treatment slightly decreased the penetration resistance of the soil, the bearing capacity was not affected at the time of combine harvest.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Deep-flood irrigation at 18 cm suppressed chalky grains under high and normal temperatures.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Organ / stage
- active tillering stage to the maximum tillering stagee0
- Treatment
- deep-flood irrigation (DFI) to a water depth of 18 cme0
- Outcome
- occurrence of chalky grainse0
- Direction
- suppressese0
- Comparator
- normal temperature conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“deep-flood irrigation (DFI) to a water depth of 18 cm from the active tillering stage to the maximum tillering stage suppresses the occurrence of chalky grains under both high and normal temperature conditions”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep-flood irrigation did not decrease rice yield.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- deep-flood irrigation (DFI)e1
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- without decreasinge0
- Comparator
- normal temperature conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“without decreasing yields”
t0“Rice”
e1“deep-flood irrigation (DFI) to a water depth of 18 cm from the active tillering stage to the maximum tillering stage suppresses the occurrence of chalky grains under both high and normal temperature conditions without decreasing yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep-flood irrigation increased carbohydrate supply to panicles, explaining suppression of chalky grains.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- paniclese0
- Treatment
- DFIe0
- Compound
- carbohydratese0
- Outcome
- occurrence of chalky grainse0
- Direction
- suppressese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DFI suppresses the occurrence of chalky grains due to the increased supply of carbohydrates to the panicles”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate DFI at 10 cm with deep planting can produce high quality rice where 18 cm depth is not possible.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- combined use of moderate DFI at a water depth of 10 cm with deep plantinge0
- Qualifier
- produce high-quality ricee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combined use of moderate DFI at a water depth of 10 cm with deep planting can be substituted to produce high-quality rice”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
DFI did not damage root activity at ripening, even in low-redox soils.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- ripening stagee0
- Treatment
- DFIe0
- Outcome
- root activitye0
- Direction
- did not damagee0
- Qualifier
- soils with a low redox potentiale0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DFI did not damage root activity at the ripening stage, even in soils with a low redox potential”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
DFI slightly decreased soil penetration resistance.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- DFI treatmente0
- Outcome
- penetration resistance of the soile0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- slightlye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DFI treatment slightly decreased the penetration resistance of the soil”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
DFI did not affect bearing capacity at combine harvest.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- DFI treatmente1
- Outcome
- bearing capacitye0
- Direction
- not affectede0
- Qualifier
- at the time of combine harveste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bearing capacity was not affected at the time of combine harvest”
t0“Rice”
e1“DFI treatment slightly decreased the penetration resistance of the soil”
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