Abstract
Salinity is a serious threat to plant growth and development worldwide reducing agricultural productivity each year. Ethylene is an important phytohormone that affects plants performance under normal and abiotic stress conditions. In this study, role of ethylene was investigated in mitigating salinity stress (100 mM NaCl) effects on photosynthesis in mustard plants subjected to different nitrogen (N; 5 and 10 mM) levels. Plants under salinity stress exhibited marked increase in proline and reduced glutathione (GSH) content and activity of antioxidant enzymes. Nitrogen supplementation at 10 mM was better than 200 µl l−1 ethephon treatment under no stress. However, under salinity stress, both N and ethephon were equally effective. The combined application of 10 mM N and ethephon to salinity stressed plants produced greatest increase in photosynthesis by increasing proline and antioxidant metabolism. Ethylene evolution was high under salinity stress, but treatment of 10 mM N and 200 µl l−1 ethephon greatly decreased ethylene evolution that was equivalent to the 10 mM N treatment alone. This concentration of ethylene decreased the oxidative stress and increased the photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) maximally to increase photosynthesis. The use of ethylene action inhibitor, norbornadiene (NBD) showed reduction in ethylene mediated effects in alleviating salinity. Norbornadiene decreased the photosynthetic-NUE, proline and GSH content that resulted in decrease in photosynthesis under salinity stress. This study indicated that ethylene regulated the proline and antioxidant metabolism under salinity stress to increase photosynthetic functions of mustard grown with low and optimum N. The modulation of ethylene could be adopted in agricultural practices to increase photosynthesis under salinity stress.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased proline, GSH and antioxidant enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- mustardt0
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- proline and reduced glutathione (GSH) content and activity of antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Plants under salinity stress exhibited marked increase in proline and reduced glutathione (GSH) content and activity of antioxidant enzymes”
t0“mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Ten millimolar nitrogen supplementation outperformed ethephon without stress.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen supplementation at 10 mM was better than 200 µl l−1 ethephon treatment under no stress”
t0“mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen and ethephon were equally effective under salinity.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“under salinity stress, both N and ethephon were equally effective”
t0“mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined nitrogen and ethephon produced the greatest photosynthetic increase under salinity.
- Taxon
- mustardt0
- Treatment
- combined application of 10 mM N and ethephone0
- Outcome
- photosynthesise0
- Direction
- greatest increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The combined application of 10 mM N and ethephon to salinity stressed plants produced greatest increase in photosynthesis by increasing proline and antioxidant metabolism”
t0“mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity raised ethylene evolution.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Ethylene evolution was high under salinity stress”
t0“mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined nitrogen and ethephon decreased ethylene evolution to the nitrogen alone level.
Verbatim
e0“treatment of 10 mM N and 200 µl l−1 ethephon greatly decreased ethylene evolution that was equivalent to the 10 mM N treatment alone”
t0“mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
This ethylene concentration reduced oxidative stress.
Verbatim
e0“This concentration of ethylene decreased the oxidative stress”
t0“mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
This ethylene concentration maximally increased photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency.
Verbatim
e0“increased the photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) maximally to increase photosynthesis”
t0“mustard”
e1“This concentration of ethylene”
Claim · model-written summary
Norbornadiene decreased photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency, proline and GSH.
- Taxon
- mustardt0
- Treatment
- Norbornadienee0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic-NUE, proline and GSH contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Norbornadiene decreased the photosynthetic-NUE, proline and GSH content”
t0“mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Norbornadiene decreased photosynthesis under salinity.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“resulted in decrease in photosynthesis under salinity stress”
t0“mustard”
e1“Norbornadiene decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene modulation may improve photosynthesis under salinity in agricultural practice.
Verbatim
e0“The modulation of ethylene could be adopted in agricultural practices to increase photosynthesis under salinity stress”
t0“mustard”