Abstract
Morphological characteristics, dry matter production, and nutritional values of winter forage and grains were evaluated. This study was conducted from April 24, 2012 to November 7, 2013 in the Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE), Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazil. Pastures under one grazing and non-grazing conditions were evaluated under 120 kg N ha-1 fertilization split into two 60 kg N ha-1 treatments. Two pastures received 40 kg N ha-1 three times. IPR 126 oat, BRS Tarumã wheat, and IPR 111 triticale were the test crops. Topdressing with 40 or 60 kg N ha-1 did not change morphological characteristics until 60 d after sowing. Pastures under non-grazing that received 120 kg N ha-1 treatments were taller than the controls, whereas those under grazing that received 80 or 120 kg N ha-1 presented with higher leaf production than did the controls. Total average dry matter (DM) production in 2012 and 2013 was, respectively, 5,275 kg ha-1 and 6,270 kg ha-1 for oat, 3,166 kg ha-1 and 7,423 kg ha-1 for wheat, and 4,552 kg ha-1 and 7,603 kg ha-1 for triticale. Split N fertilization did not cause differences in the levels of crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in the forage. Nevertheless, increases in in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were observed in oat and wheat receiving 60 kg N ha-1 during the first graze. IVDMD did not change in oat, wheat, and triticale forages receiving 80 or 120 kg N ha-1 during the second graze. Grazing did not affect the nutritional values of wheat and triticale grains, but reduced those of oat. Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that grazing lengthens the crop cycles, and so allow the staggered sowing of summer crops.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Topdressing with 40 or 60 kg N ha-1 did not change morphological characteristics until 60 days after sowing.
- Taxon
- winter foraget0
- Treatment
- Topdressing with 40 or 60 kg N ha-1e1
- Outcome
- morphological characteristicse1
- Direction
- did not changee1
- Qualifier
- until 60 d after sowinge1
- Setting
- Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazile2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“winter forage and grains”
e1“Topdressing with 40 or 60 kg N ha-1 did not change morphological characteristics until 60 d after sowing”
e2“Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazil”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-grazed pastures receiving 120 kg N ha-1 were taller than the controls.
Verbatim
t0“winter forage and grains”
e0“Morphological characteristics, dry matter production, and nutritional values of winter forage and grains were evaluated”
e3“Pastures under non-grazing that received 120 kg N ha-1 treatments were taller than the controls”
e2“Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazil”
Claim · model-written summary
Grazed pastures receiving 80 or 120 kg N ha-1 had higher leaf production than the controls.
Verbatim
t0“winter forage and grains”
e4“whereas those under grazing that received 80 or 120 kg N ha-1 presented with higher leaf production than did the controls”
e2“Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazil”
Claim · model-written summary
Oat total average dry matter production was 5,275 kg ha-1 in 2012.
- Taxon
- oat
Avena sativae5 - Outcome
- Total average dry matter (DM) productione5
- Value
- 5,275 kg ha-1e5
- Qualifier
- 2012e5
- Setting
- Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazile2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Total average dry matter (DM) production in 2012 and 2013 was, respectively, 5,275 kg ha-1 and 6,270 kg ha-1 for oat, 3,166 kg ha-1 and 7,423 kg ha-1 for wheat, and 4,552 kg ha-1 and 7,603 kg ha-1 for triticale”
e2“Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazil”
Claim · model-written summary
Oat total average dry matter production was 6,270 kg ha-1 in 2013.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae5
- Outcome
- Total average dry matter (DM) productione5
- Value
- 6,270 kg ha-1e5
- Qualifier
- 2013e5
- Setting
- Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazile2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Total average dry matter (DM) production in 2012 and 2013 was, respectively, 5,275 kg ha-1 and 6,270 kg ha-1 for oat, 3,166 kg ha-1 and 7,423 kg ha-1 for wheat, and 4,552 kg ha-1 and 7,603 kg ha-1 for triticale”
e2“Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazil”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat total average dry matter production was 3,166 kg ha-1 in 2012.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume5 - Outcome
- Total average dry matter (DM) productione5
- Value
- 3,166 kg ha-1e5
- Qualifier
- 2012e5
- Setting
- Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazile2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Total average dry matter (DM) production in 2012 and 2013 was, respectively, 5,275 kg ha-1 and 6,270 kg ha-1 for oat, 3,166 kg ha-1 and 7,423 kg ha-1 for wheat, and 4,552 kg ha-1 and 7,603 kg ha-1 for triticale”
e2“Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazil”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat total average dry matter production was 7,423 kg ha-1 in 2013.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume5
- Outcome
- Total average dry matter (DM) productione5
- Value
- 7,423 kg ha-1e5
- Qualifier
- 2013e5
- Setting
- Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazile2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Total average dry matter (DM) production in 2012 and 2013 was, respectively, 5,275 kg ha-1 and 6,270 kg ha-1 for oat, 3,166 kg ha-1 and 7,423 kg ha-1 for wheat, and 4,552 kg ha-1 and 7,603 kg ha-1 for triticale”
e2“Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazil”
Claim · model-written summary
Triticale total average dry matter production was 4,552 kg ha-1 in 2012.
- Taxon
- triticale
×Triticosecalee5 - Outcome
- Total average dry matter (DM) productione5
- Value
- 4,552 kg ha-1e5
- Qualifier
- 2012e5
- Setting
- Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazile2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Total average dry matter (DM) production in 2012 and 2013 was, respectively, 5,275 kg ha-1 and 6,270 kg ha-1 for oat, 3,166 kg ha-1 and 7,423 kg ha-1 for wheat, and 4,552 kg ha-1 and 7,603 kg ha-1 for triticale”
e2“Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazil”
Claim · model-written summary
Triticale total average dry matter production was 7,603 kg ha-1 in 2013.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalee5
- Outcome
- Total average dry matter (DM) productione5
- Value
- 7,603 kg ha-1e5
- Qualifier
- 2013e5
- Setting
- Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazile2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Total average dry matter (DM) production in 2012 and 2013 was, respectively, 5,275 kg ha-1 and 6,270 kg ha-1 for oat, 3,166 kg ha-1 and 7,423 kg ha-1 for wheat, and 4,552 kg ha-1 and 7,603 kg ha-1 for triticale”
e2“Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazil”
Claim · model-written summary
Split nitrogen fertilization did not change crude protein, neutral detergent fiber or acid detergent fiber in the forage.
- Taxon
- winter foraget0
- Treatment
- Split N fertilizatione6
- Outcome
- crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF)e6
- Direction
- did not cause differencese6
- Setting
- Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazile2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“winter forage and grains”
e6“Split N fertilization did not cause differences in the levels of crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in the forage”
e2“Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazil”
Claim · model-written summary
Oat in vitro dry matter digestibility increased with 60 kg N ha-1 during the first graze.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae7
- Treatment
- 60 kg N ha-1e7
- Outcome
- in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD)e7
- Direction
- increasese7
- Qualifier
- during the first grazee7
- Setting
- Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazile2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Nevertheless, increases in in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were observed in oat and wheat receiving 60 kg N ha-1 during the first graze”
e2“Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazil”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat in vitro dry matter digestibility increased with 60 kg N ha-1 during the first graze.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume7
- Treatment
- 60 kg N ha-1e7
- Outcome
- in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD)e7
- Direction
- increasese7
- Qualifier
- during the first grazee7
- Setting
- Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazile2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Nevertheless, increases in in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were observed in oat and wheat receiving 60 kg N ha-1 during the first graze”
e2“Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazil”
Claim · model-written summary
Oat IVDMD did not change with 80 or 120 kg N ha-1 during the second graze.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae6
- Treatment
- 80 or 120 kg N ha-1e6
- Outcome
- IVDMDe6
- Direction
- did not changee6
- Qualifier
- during the second grazee6
- Setting
- Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazile2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“IVDMD did not change in oat, wheat, and triticale forages receiving 80 or 120 kg N ha-1 during the second graze”
e2“Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazil”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat IVDMD did not change with 80 or 120 kg N ha-1 during the second graze.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume6
- Treatment
- 80 or 120 kg N ha-1e6
- Outcome
- IVDMDe6
- Direction
- did not changee6
- Qualifier
- during the second grazee6
- Setting
- Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazile2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“IVDMD did not change in oat, wheat, and triticale forages receiving 80 or 120 kg N ha-1 during the second graze”
e2“Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazil”
Claim · model-written summary
Triticale IVDMD did not change with 80 or 120 kg N ha-1 during the second graze.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalee6
- Treatment
- 80 or 120 kg N ha-1e6
- Outcome
- IVDMDe6
- Direction
- did not changee6
- Qualifier
- during the second grazee6
- Setting
- Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazile2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“IVDMD did not change in oat, wheat, and triticale forages receiving 80 or 120 kg N ha-1 during the second graze”
e2“Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazil”
Claim · model-written summary
Grazing did not affect the nutritional values of wheat grains.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume7
- Organ / stage
- grainse7
- Treatment
- Grazinge7
- Outcome
- nutritional valuese7
- Direction
- did not affecte7
- Setting
- Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazile2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Grazing did not affect the nutritional values of wheat and triticale grains, but reduced those of oat”
e2“Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazil”
Claim · model-written summary
Grazing did not affect the nutritional values of triticale grains.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalee7
- Organ / stage
- grainse7
- Treatment
- Grazinge7
- Outcome
- nutritional valuese7
- Direction
- did not affecte7
- Setting
- Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazile2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Grazing did not affect the nutritional values of wheat and triticale grains, but reduced those of oat”
e2“Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazil”
Claim · model-written summary
Grazing reduced the nutritional values of oat grains.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae7
- Organ / stage
- grainse7
- Treatment
- Grazinge7
- Outcome
- nutritional valuese7
- Direction
- reducede7
- Setting
- Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazile2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Grazing did not affect the nutritional values of wheat and triticale grains, but reduced those of oat”
e2“Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazil”
Claim · model-written summary
Grazing lengthens the crop cycles of winter forage, which the authors suggest allows staggered sowing of summer crops.
Verbatim
t0“winter forage and grains”
e0“the results of the present study suggest that grazing lengthens the crop cycles”
e2“Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazil”
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