Abstract
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) being moderately tolerant to salinity has been extensively grown in arid and semiarid regions where soil salinization is a major threat to plant growth and soil productivity. Excess salts in the growth medium may interfere with growth processes of cotton, leading to a severe decline in yield and fiber quality characteristics. Adequate mineral nutrient status of plants can provide an important strategy to improve plant tolerance to salinity. A pot experiment was planned to evaluate the ameliorative effects of additional potassium (K) applied at 50 and 100 mg K 2 O kg -1 soil as potassium sulfate against NaCl stress of 100 and 180 mM in cotton. The experiment was conducted according to completely randomized design with five replications. NaCl caused a significant (P 0.05) increase in shoot sodium (Na + ) and chloride (Cl -) with a corresponding decrease in shoot K + , K + : Na + ratio, calcium (Ca 2+ ) and magnesium (Mg 2+ ). Plant growth, yield and fiber quality characteristics were also declined significantly by increasing external NaCl concentration. Additional K reduced shoot Na + while increased K + , K + : Na + ratio, Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ with the consequent improvement in plant growth, lint yield and yield attributes as well as fiber quality characteristics at both levels of NaCl. Results revealed that K nutrition improved shoot K + : Na + ratio by 116 and 246% at NaCl 100 while 188 and 294% at NaCl 180 with K 50 and K 100 , respectively as compared to NaCl treated plants without additional K. Likewise, lint yield was improved by 38.27 and 60.49% at NaCl 100 while 75.12 and 136% at NaCl 180 with K 50 and K 100 , respectively compared to NaCl stressed plants without additional K. Ameliorative effects of K against NaCl stress were relatively more prominent at higher K application at both NaCl levels. In conclusion, K-induced decrease in Na + , increase in Ca 2+ , K + , K + : Na + ratio, relative water content and membrane stability index provide protective mechanisms against NaCl stress. However, the results need to be confirmed under field conditions and the economic feasibility should be worked out.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl significantly increased shoot sodium and chloride.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- NaCle0
- Outcome
- shoot sodium (Na + ) and chloride (Cl -)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NaCl caused a significant (P 0.05) increase in shoot sodium (Na + ) and chloride (Cl -) with a corresponding decrease in shoot K + , K + : Na + ratio, calcium (Ca 2+ ) and magnesium (Mg 2+ ).”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl decreased shoot potassium, potassium:sodium ratio and calcium.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- NaCle0
- Outcome
- shoot K + , K + : Na + ratio, calcium (Ca 2+ )e0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NaCl caused a significant (P 0.05) increase in shoot sodium (Na + ) and chloride (Cl -) with a corresponding decrease in shoot K + , K + : Na + ratio, calcium (Ca 2+ ) and magnesium (Mg 2+ ).”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl decreased shoot magnesium.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- NaCle0
- Outcome
- magnesium (Mg 2+ )e0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NaCl caused a significant (P 0.05) increase in shoot sodium (Na + ) and chloride (Cl -) with a corresponding decrease in shoot K + , K + : Na + ratio, calcium (Ca 2+ ) and magnesium (Mg 2+ ).”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing external NaCl significantly reduced plant growth, yield and fiber quality.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- increasing external NaCl concentratione0
- Outcome
- Plant growth, yield and fiber quality characteristicse0
- Direction
- declinede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant growth, yield and fiber quality characteristics were also declined significantly by increasing external NaCl concentration.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Additional potassium reduced shoot sodium under both salt levels.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Additional Ke0
- Outcome
- shoot Na +e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- at both levels of NaCle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Additional K reduced shoot Na + while increased K + , K + : Na + ratio, Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ with the consequent improvement in plant growth, lint yield and yield attributes as well as fiber quality characteristics at both levels of NaCl.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Additional potassium increased shoot potassium, calcium and magnesium.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Additional Ke0
- Outcome
- K +e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- Ca 2+ and Mg 2+e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Additional K reduced shoot Na + while increased K + , K + : Na + ratio, Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ with the consequent improvement in plant growth, lint yield and yield attributes as well as fiber quality characteristics at both levels of NaCl.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Additional potassium improved plant growth, yield attributes and fiber quality at both salt levels.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Additional Ke0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Qualifier
- yield attributes as well as fiber quality characteristics at both levels of NaCle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Additional K reduced shoot Na + while increased K + , K + : Na + ratio, Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ with the consequent improvement in plant growth, lint yield and yield attributes as well as fiber quality characteristics at both levels of NaCl.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
K 50 improved the shoot potassium:sodium ratio by 116% at NaCl 100.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- K 50e0
- Outcome
- shoot K + : Na + ratioe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 116e0
- Qualifier
- at NaCl 100e0
- Comparator
- NaCl treated plants without additional Ke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results revealed that K nutrition improved shoot K + : Na + ratio by 116 and 246% at NaCl 100 while 188 and 294% at NaCl 180 with K 50 and K 100 , respectively as compared to NaCl treated plants without additional K.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
K 100 improved the shoot potassium:sodium ratio by 246% at NaCl 100.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- K 100e0
- Outcome
- shoot K + : Na + ratioe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 246%e0
- Qualifier
- at NaCl 100e0
- Comparator
- NaCl treated plants without additional Ke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results revealed that K nutrition improved shoot K + : Na + ratio by 116 and 246% at NaCl 100 while 188 and 294% at NaCl 180 with K 50 and K 100 , respectively as compared to NaCl treated plants without additional K.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
K 50 improved the shoot potassium:sodium ratio by 188% at NaCl 180.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- K 50e0
- Outcome
- shoot K + : Na + ratioe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 188e0
- Qualifier
- NaCl 180e0
- Comparator
- NaCl treated plants without additional Ke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results revealed that K nutrition improved shoot K + : Na + ratio by 116 and 246% at NaCl 100 while 188 and 294% at NaCl 180 with K 50 and K 100 , respectively as compared to NaCl treated plants without additional K.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
K 100 improved the shoot potassium:sodium ratio by 294% at NaCl 180.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- K 100e0
- Outcome
- shoot K + : Na + ratioe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 294%e0
- Qualifier
- NaCl 180e0
- Comparator
- NaCl treated plants without additional Ke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results revealed that K nutrition improved shoot K + : Na + ratio by 116 and 246% at NaCl 100 while 188 and 294% at NaCl 180 with K 50 and K 100 , respectively as compared to NaCl treated plants without additional K.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
K 50 improved lint yield by 38.27% at NaCl 100.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- K 50e0
- Outcome
- lint yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 38.27e0
- Qualifier
- at NaCl 100e0
- Comparator
- NaCl stressed plants without additional Ke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Likewise, lint yield was improved by 38.27 and 60.49% at NaCl 100 while 75.12 and 136% at NaCl 180 with K 50 and K 100 , respectively compared to NaCl stressed plants without additional K.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
K 100 improved lint yield by 60.49% at NaCl 100.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- K 100e0
- Outcome
- lint yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 60.49%e0
- Qualifier
- at NaCl 100e0
- Comparator
- NaCl stressed plants without additional Ke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Likewise, lint yield was improved by 38.27 and 60.49% at NaCl 100 while 75.12 and 136% at NaCl 180 with K 50 and K 100 , respectively compared to NaCl stressed plants without additional K.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
K 50 improved lint yield by 75.12% at NaCl 180.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- K 50e0
- Outcome
- lint yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 75.12e0
- Qualifier
- NaCl 180e0
- Comparator
- NaCl stressed plants without additional Ke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Likewise, lint yield was improved by 38.27 and 60.49% at NaCl 100 while 75.12 and 136% at NaCl 180 with K 50 and K 100 , respectively compared to NaCl stressed plants without additional K.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
K 100 improved lint yield by 136% at NaCl 180.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- K 100e0
- Outcome
- lint yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 136%e0
- Qualifier
- NaCl 180e0
- Comparator
- NaCl stressed plants without additional Ke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Likewise, lint yield was improved by 38.27 and 60.49% at NaCl 100 while 75.12 and 136% at NaCl 180 with K 50 and K 100 , respectively compared to NaCl stressed plants without additional K.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher potassium application gave more prominent amelioration at both salt levels.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- higher K applicatione0
- Outcome
- Ameliorative effectse0
- Direction
- more prominente0
- Qualifier
- at both NaCl levelse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ameliorative effects of K against NaCl stress were relatively more prominent at higher K application at both NaCl levels.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium-induced ion balance changes were interpreted as protective mechanisms against salt stress.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Ke0
- Outcome
- protective mechanisms against NaCl stresse0
- Qualifier
- decrease in Na + , increase in Ca 2+ , K + , K + : Na + ratioe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In conclusion, K-induced decrease in Na + , increase in Ca 2+ , K + , K + : Na + ratio, relative water content and membrane stability index provide protective mechanisms against NaCl stress.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium-induced increases in relative water content and membrane stability were interpreted as protective against salt stress.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Ke0
- Outcome
- protective mechanisms against NaCl stresse0
- Qualifier
- relative water content and membrane stability indexe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In conclusion, K-induced decrease in Na + , increase in Ca 2+ , K + , K + : Na + ratio, relative water content and membrane stability index provide protective mechanisms against NaCl stress.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend field confirmation and evaluation of economic feasibility.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- confirmed under field conditions and the economic feasibility should be worked oute0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, the results need to be confirmed under field conditions and the economic feasibility should be worked out.”
t0“cotton”
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