Abstract
Abstract The influence of individual or combined treatments of the chloroacetanilide herbicide pretilachlor and the safener fenclorim on glutathione content and the activity of glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST, EC 2.5.1.18) of rice (Oryza sativa L., var. Lamont) was investigated in a time-course study including 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h periods after treatment. Pretilachlor applied alone at 2 μM did not influence the levels of total or reduced glutathione of germinating rice seedlings. Fenclorim applied alone at 20 μM increased significantly the levels of total and reduced glutathione of rice seedlings at 12, 24, and 72 h after treatment. The combination of pretilachlor and fenclorim increased the levels of total and reduced glutathione of rice at all time periods. GR activity extracted from pretilachlor-treated rice seedlings was significantly lower than that extracted from untreated rice seedlings. Pretreatment of rice seedlings with the safener fenclorim increased GR activity at 12 and 24 h, but not at 48 and 72 h after treatment. GR activity extracted from rice seedlings treated with the combination of pretilachlor and fenclorim was significantly higher than that of untreated controls at 12, 24, and 48 h after treatment. Pretreatment of rice seedlings with pretilachlor reduced the activity of GST which catalyzes the conjugation of this herbicide with reduced glutathione at time intervals greater than 24 h. Pretreatment with fenclorim did not have any effect on GST activity of rice seedlings. Pretreatment with the combination of pretilachlor and fenclorim increased GST activity of rice seedlings at the 48 and 72 h periods. These results suggest that a simultaneous application of pretilachlor and fenclorim is critical for the enhancement of glutathione and glutathione-related enzyme activity and the protection of rice from pretilachlor injury.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Pretilachlor alone did not alter total or reduced glutathione in germinating rice seedlings.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- Pretilachlor applied alone at 2 μMe0
- Outcome
- levels of total or reduced glutathionee0
- Direction
- did not influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pretilachlor applied alone at 2 μM did not influence the levels of total or reduced glutathione of germinating rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Fenclorim alone increased total and reduced glutathione at 12, 24, and 72 h.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Fenclorim applied alone at 20 μMe0
- Outcome
- levels of total and reduced glutathionee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 12, 24, and 72 he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fenclorim applied alone at 20 μM increased significantly the levels of total and reduced glutathione of rice seedlings at 12, 24, and 72 h after treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined pretilachlor and fenclorim increased total and reduced glutathione at all time periods.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- combination of pretilachlor and fenclorime0
- Outcome
- levels of total and reduced glutathionee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- all time periodse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of pretilachlor and fenclorim increased the levels of total and reduced glutathione of rice at all time periods”
Claim · model-written summary
Pretilachlor lowered rice seedling GR activity compared with untreated plants.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- pretilachlor-treatede0
- Outcome
- GR activitye0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- untreated rice seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GR activity extracted from pretilachlor-treated rice seedlings was significantly lower than that extracted from untreated rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Fenclorim pretreatment increased GR activity at 12 and 24 h.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- fenclorime0
- Outcome
- GR activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 12 and 24 he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pretreatment of rice seedlings with the safener fenclorim increased GR activity at 12 and 24 h, but not at 48 and 72 h after treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Fenclorim pretreatment did not increase GR activity at 48 and 72 h.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pretreatment of rice seedlings with the safener fenclorim increased GR activity at 12 and 24 h, but not at 48 and 72 h after treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment raised GR activity at 12, 24 and 48 h relative to untreated controls.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- combination of pretilachlor and fenclorime0
- Outcome
- GR activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- 12, 24, and 48 he0
- Comparator
- untreated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GR activity extracted from rice seedlings treated with the combination of pretilachlor and fenclorim was significantly higher than that of untreated controls at 12, 24, and 48 h after treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Pretilachlor pretreatment reduced GST activity after 24 h.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- pretilachlore0
- Outcome
- activity of GSTe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- greater than 24 he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pretreatment of rice seedlings with pretilachlor reduced the activity of GST which catalyzes the conjugation of this herbicide with reduced glutathione at time intervals greater than 24 h”
Claim · model-written summary
Fenclorim pretreatment did not affect GST activity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- fenclorime0
- Outcome
- GST activitye0
- Direction
- did not have any effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pretreatment with fenclorim did not have any effect on GST activity of rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased GST activity at 48 and 72 h.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- combination of pretilachlor and fenclorime0
- Outcome
- GST activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 48 and 72 he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pretreatment with the combination of pretilachlor and fenclorim increased GST activity of rice seedlings at the 48 and 72 h periods”
The same questions in other papers
Fenclorim · molecular: metabolites · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- no effect
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Pretilachlor · molecular: metabolites · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.