Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is involved in plant growth as well as plant responses to abiotic stresses; however, it remains unclear whether CO2 is involved in the response of rice (Oryza sativa) to aluminum (Al) toxicity. In the current study, we discovered that elevated CO2 (600 µL•L-1) significantly alleviated Al-induced inhibition of root elongation that occurred in ambient CO2 (400 µL•L-1). This protective effect was accompanied by a reduced Al accumulation in root apex. Al significantly induced citrate efflux and the expression of OsALS1, but elevated CO2 had no further effect. By contrast, elevated CO2 significantly decreased Al-induced accumulation of hemicellulose, as well as its Al retention. As a result, the amount of Al fixed in the cell wall was reduced, indicating an alleviation of Al-induced damage to cell wall function. Furthermore, elevated CO2 decreased the Al-induced root nitric oxide (NO) accumulation, and the addition of the NO scavenger c-PTIO (2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide) abolished this alleviation effect, indicating that NO maybe involved in the CO2-alleviated Al toxicity. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the alleviation of Al toxicity in rice by elevated CO2 is mediated by decreasing hemicellulose content and the Al fixation in the cell wall, possibly via the NO pathway.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 significantly alleviated aluminum inhibition of rice root elongation.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- elevated CO2 (600 µL•L-1)e0
- Outcome
- root elongatione0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
- Comparator
- ambient CO2 (400 µL•L-1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated CO2 (600 µL•L-1) significantly alleviated Al-induced inhibition of root elongation that occurred in ambient CO2 (400 µL•L-1)”
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Al significantly induced citrate efflux in rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Ale0
- Outcome
- citrate effluxe0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Al significantly induced citrate efflux”
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Al significantly induced OsALS1 expression in rice.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Al significantly induced citrate efflux and the expression of OsALS1”
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 had no additional effect on Al-induced citrate efflux or OsALS1 expression.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e0
- Gene
- OsALS1e0
- Outcome
- citrate efflux and the expression of OsALS1e0
- Direction
- no further effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Al significantly induced citrate efflux and the expression of OsALS1, but elevated CO2 had no further effect.”
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 significantly decreased Al-induced hemicellulose accumulation in rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e0
- Outcome
- Al-induced accumulation of hemicellulosee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated CO2 significantly decreased Al-induced accumulation of hemicellulose”
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 significantly decreased aluminum retention by hemicellulose.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e0
- Outcome
- Al retentione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated CO2 significantly decreased Al-induced accumulation of hemicellulose, as well as its Al retention”
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Al fixed in rice cell walls was reduced under elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- cell walle0
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e1
- Outcome
- amount of Al fixed in the cell walle0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the amount of Al fixed in the cell wall was reduced”
e1“By contrast, elevated CO2 significantly decreased Al-induced accumulation of hemicellulose”
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 decreased Al-induced root nitric oxide accumulation.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e0
- Outcome
- Al-induced root nitric oxide (NO) accumulatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated CO2 decreased the Al-induced root nitric oxide (NO) accumulation”
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
The NO scavenger c-PTIO abolished the alleviation effect of elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- addition of the NO scavenger c-PTIOe0
- Outcome
- alleviation effecte0
- Direction
- abolishede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of the NO scavenger c-PTIO (2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide) abolished this alleviation effect”
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that reduced hemicellulose and cell-wall aluminum fixation mediate CO2 alleviation of aluminum toxicity, possibly through NO.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e0
- Outcome
- alleviation of Al toxicitye0
- Qualifier
- possibly via the NO pathwaye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the alleviation of Al toxicity in rice by elevated CO2 is mediated by decreasing hemicellulose content and the Al fixation in the cell wall, possibly via the NO pathway”
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