Abstract
A field experiment was conducted to investigate the most appropriate post -emergence herbicides for the maximum weed control and yield enhancement in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The experiment in a RCBD with three replicates was conducted during Kharif season (June to October) 2013 and 2014 at the Oilseeds Research Unit, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola (M.S.), India. The crop variety AK 159 was sown at a spacing of 30 cm (between rows) x 10 cm (within row). Nine treatments including six post-emergence herbicides applied at 2-4 leaf stage of weeds, a pre-emergence herbicide, and a weedy and weed-free (hand weeding) control. The recommended mixture of fertilizer 25:50 N, and P (kg/ha) was applied as a basal dressing using Urea (46 % N) and SSP (16% P2O5), respectively. Among the herbicidal treatments, the lowest weed index (3.26%) was observed under post-emergence herbicides Propaquizafop 10 EC (100 g/ha) followed Quizalofop ethyl 5 EC (100 g/ha) with a weed index of 9.74%. The minimum weed dry weight was also recorded in these treatments, which was significantly lower (p<0.05) than all other treatments. The lowest weed control efficiency (81.6%) was recorded in plots with the pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin 30 EC (1000 g/ha). The highest dry pods yield (2,927 kg/ha) was recorded in the weed free control (hand weeding 20 and 40 Days after emergence) and the lowest (1,520 kg/ha) was under un-weeded control. The post-emergence herbicides Propaquizafop 10 EC (100 g/ha) recorded the highest gross and net monetary returns, which were at par (p>0.05) with Quizalofop ethyl 5 EC (100 g/ha) but significantly higher (p<0.05) as compared to other herbicidal treatments. Application of post--herbicides effectively controlled weeds, and resulted in a considerably lower cost of cultivation compared with hand weeding. The benefit:cost ratio was the highest with post emergence herbicides Propaquizafop 10 EC (100 g/ha) followed by Quizalofop ethyl 5 EC (100 g/ha) compared to other treatments.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Propaquizafop 10 EC (100 g/ha) gave the lowest weed index (3.26%) among herbicide treatments in groundnut.
- Taxon
- groundnut
Arachis hypogaeat0 - Treatment
- Propaquizafop 10 EC (100 g/ha)e1
- Interactor
- weede1weed
- Outcome
- weed indexe1
- Direction
- loweste1
- Value
- 3.26%e1
- Comparator
- the herbicidal treatmentse1
- Setting
- Akola (M.S.), Indiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield of Kharif groundnut”
e0“at the Oilseeds Research Unit, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola (M.S.), India”
e1“Among the herbicidal treatments, the lowest weed index (3.26%) was observed under post-emergence herbicides Propaquizafop 10 EC (100 g/ha) followed Quizalofop ethyl 5 EC (100 g/ha) with a weed index of 9.74%”
Claim · model-written summary
Quizalofop ethyl 5 EC (100 g/ha) gave a weed index of 9.74%, lower than other herbicide treatments and second to propaquizafop.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Quizalofop ethyl 5 EC (100 g/ha)e1
- Interactor
- weede1weed
- Outcome
- weed indexe1
- Direction
- lowerinferrede1
- Value
- 9.74%e1
- Comparator
- the herbicidal treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield of Kharif groundnut”
e1“Among the herbicidal treatments, the lowest weed index (3.26%) was observed under post-emergence herbicides Propaquizafop 10 EC (100 g/ha) followed Quizalofop ethyl 5 EC (100 g/ha) with a weed index of 9.74%”
Claim · model-written summary
The weed-free control gave the highest dry pod yield (2,927 kg/ha) in groundnut.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- weed free controle2
- Outcome
- dry pods yielde2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 2,927 kg/hae2
- Comparator
- un-weeded controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield of Kharif groundnut”
e2“The highest dry pods yield (2,927 kg/ha) was recorded in the weed free control (hand weeding 20 and 40 Days after emergence) and the lowest (1,520 kg/ha) was under un-weeded control”
Claim · model-written summary
The un-weeded control gave the lowest dry pod yield (1,520 kg/ha) in groundnut.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- un-weeded controle2
- Outcome
- dry pods yielde2
- Direction
- loweste2
- Value
- 1,520 kg/hae2
- Comparator
- weed free controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield of Kharif groundnut”
e2“The highest dry pods yield (2,927 kg/ha) was recorded in the weed free control (hand weeding 20 and 40 Days after emergence) and the lowest (1,520 kg/ha) was under un-weeded control”
Claim · model-written summary
Post-emergence herbicides gave minimum weed dry weight, significantly lower than all other treatments.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- post-emergence herbicidese1
- Interactor
- weede3weed
- Outcome
- weed dry weighte3
- Direction
- lowere3
- Comparator
- all other treatmentse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield of Kharif groundnut”
e1“Among the herbicidal treatments, the lowest weed index (3.26%) was observed under post-emergence herbicides Propaquizafop 10 EC (100 g/ha) followed Quizalofop ethyl 5 EC (100 g/ha) with a weed index of 9.74%”
e3“The minimum weed dry weight was also recorded in these treatments, which was significantly lower (p<0.05) than all other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-emergence pendimethalin gave the lowest weed control efficiency (81.6%).
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin 30 EC (1000 g/ha)e4
- Interactor
- weede4weed
- Outcome
- weed control efficiencye4
- Direction
- loweste4
- Value
- 81.6%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield of Kharif groundnut”
e4“The lowest weed control efficiency (81.6%) was recorded in plots with the pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin 30 EC (1000 g/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Propaquizafop 10 EC (100 g/ha) gave the highest gross and net monetary returns among herbicide treatments.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Propaquizafop 10 EC (100 g/ha)e5
- Outcome
- gross and net monetary returnse5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Comparator
- other herbicidal treatmentse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield of Kharif groundnut”
e5“The post-emergence herbicides Propaquizafop 10 EC (100 g/ha) recorded the highest gross and net monetary returns, which were at par (p>0.05) with Quizalofop ethyl 5 EC (100 g/ha) but significantly higher (p<0.05) as compared to other herbicidal treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Quizalofop ethyl 5 EC (100 g/ha) gave gross and net monetary returns at par with propaquizafop.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Quizalofop ethyl 5 EC (100 g/ha)e5
- Outcome
- gross and net monetary returnse5
- Direction
- at pare5
- Comparator
- Propaquizafop 10 EC (100 g/ha)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield of Kharif groundnut”
e5“The post-emergence herbicides Propaquizafop 10 EC (100 g/ha) recorded the highest gross and net monetary returns, which were at par (p>0.05) with Quizalofop ethyl 5 EC (100 g/ha) but significantly higher (p<0.05) as compared to other herbicidal treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Propaquizafop 10 EC (100 g/ha) gave the highest benefit:cost ratio, followed by quizalofop.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Propaquizafop 10 EC (100 g/ha)e6
- Outcome
- benefit:cost ratioe6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Qualifier
- followed by Quizalofop ethyl 5 EC (100 g/ha)e6
- Comparator
- other treatmentse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield of Kharif groundnut”
e6“The benefit:cost ratio was the highest with post emergence herbicides Propaquizafop 10 EC (100 g/ha) followed by Quizalofop ethyl 5 EC (100 g/ha) compared to other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Post-emergence herbicide application gave a lower cost of cultivation than hand weeding in groundnut.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Application of post--herbicidese7
- Interactor
- weedse7weed
- Outcome
- cost of cultivatione7
- Direction
- lowere7
- Comparator
- hand weedinge7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield of Kharif groundnut”
e7“Application of post--herbicides effectively controlled weeds, and resulted in a considerably lower cost of cultivation compared with hand weeding”
Claim · model-written summary
Post-emergence herbicide application effectively controlled weeds in groundnut.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Application of post--herbicidese7
- Interactor
- weedse7weed
- Outcome
- controlled weedse7
- Direction
- effectively controllede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield of Kharif groundnut”
e7“Application of post--herbicides effectively controlled weeds, and resulted in a considerably lower cost of cultivation compared with hand weeding”
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