Response of Indian mustard to Nutrients and Plant Growth Regulators: The Influence on Yield, Available Soil P Balance and P Recycling through Residues

Abstract

Poor oilseed productivity linked huge edible oil import by India are intimately interlinked and critically relate to over exploitation of agricultural soils, inadequate and imbalanced fertilization, restricted use of manures, residues and bio-fertilizers, unfavourable climatic conditions and physiological and genetic constraints associated with oilseeds. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) mitigate a variety of abiotic and biotic stresses and a strong synergistic interaction between auxins and brassinosteroids (BRs) is also widely reported but commercial exploitation of this interaction has yet not been attempted in actual field studies. Therefore, eight nutrient treatments comprising of 75 and 100% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) and their combinations with 5 t farm yard manure ha-1(FYM), bio-fertilizers (Azotobacter + PSB) and FYM + bio-fertilizers as well as four PGRs (water spray, brassinolide/BR 0.5 ppm, Indole 3 acetic acid/IAA 50 ppm and BR 0.5 + IAA 50 ppm) were evaluated on medium clay loam soils of Udaipur during winters of 2012 and 2013 in a split plot design replicated thrice. Results illustrate that among nutrient treatments, 100% RDF + FYM + bio-fertilizers registered significantly higher pooled seed and stover yield (3231 and 13604 kg ha-1, respectively), crop phosphorus uptake (52.71 kg ha-1), available soil P at crop harvest (23.35 kg ha-1), gain in availablesoil P(3.21 kg ha-1) and dry biomass of residues (4649.1 kg ha-1) and Precycled (11.56 kg ha-1). Out of PGRs, BR + IAA recorded significantly higher pooled seed and stover yield (2922 and 12379 kg ha-1, respectively), crop phosphorus uptake (47.12 kg ha-1), dry biomass of residues (4186.9 kg ha-1) and Precycled (10.44 kg ha-1).

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Claims 12

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Combined RDF, manure and biofertilizers raised seed yield to 3231 kg ha-1.

Taxon: Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
Treatment: 100% RDF + FYM + bio-fertilizerse0
Outcome: seede0
Direction: highere0
Value: 3231e0

Not reportedComparatorSetting

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

*Brassica juncea* · TaxonDalgial · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0
“Indian mustard”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 12–26 · show in text ↑

e0
“100% RDF + FYM + bio-fertilizers registered significantly higher pooled seed and stover yield (3231 and 13604 kg ha-1, respectively), crop phosphorus uptake (52.71 kg ha-1), available soil P at crop harvest (23.35 kg ha-1), gain in availablesoil P(3.21 kg ha-1) and dry biomass of residues (4649.1 kg ha-1) and Precycled (11.56 kg ha-1)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1158–1494 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Combined RDF, manure and biofertilizers raised stover yield to 13604 kg ha-1.

Taxon: Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
Treatment: 100% RDF + FYM + bio-fertilizerse0
Outcome: stover yielde0
Direction: highere0
Value: 13604 kg ha-1e0

Not reportedComparatorSetting

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

t0
“Indian mustard”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 12–26 · show in text ↑

e0
“100% RDF + FYM + bio-fertilizers registered significantly higher pooled seed and stover yield (3231 and 13604 kg ha-1, respectively), crop phosphorus uptake (52.71 kg ha-1), available soil P at crop harvest (23.35 kg ha-1), gain in availablesoil P(3.21 kg ha-1) and dry biomass of residues (4649.1 kg ha-1) and Precycled (11.56 kg ha-1)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1158–1494 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Combined RDF, manure and biofertilizers raised crop phosphorus uptake to 52.71 kg ha-1.

Taxon: Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
Treatment: 100% RDF + FYM + bio-fertilizerse0
Outcome: crop phosphorus uptakee0
Direction: highere0
Value: 52.71 kg ha-1e0

Not reportedComparatorSetting

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

t0
“Indian mustard”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 12–26 · show in text ↑

e0
“100% RDF + FYM + bio-fertilizers registered significantly higher pooled seed and stover yield (3231 and 13604 kg ha-1, respectively), crop phosphorus uptake (52.71 kg ha-1), available soil P at crop harvest (23.35 kg ha-1), gain in availablesoil P(3.21 kg ha-1) and dry biomass of residues (4649.1 kg ha-1) and Precycled (11.56 kg ha-1)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1158–1494 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Combined RDF, manure and biofertilizers raised available soil P at harvest to 23.35 kg ha-1.

Taxon: Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
Treatment: 100% RDF + FYM + bio-fertilizerse0
Outcome: available soil P at crop harveste0
Direction: highere0
Value: 23.35 kg ha-1e0

Not reportedComparatorSetting

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

t0
“Indian mustard”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 12–26 · show in text ↑

e0
“100% RDF + FYM + bio-fertilizers registered significantly higher pooled seed and stover yield (3231 and 13604 kg ha-1, respectively), crop phosphorus uptake (52.71 kg ha-1), available soil P at crop harvest (23.35 kg ha-1), gain in availablesoil P(3.21 kg ha-1) and dry biomass of residues (4649.1 kg ha-1) and Precycled (11.56 kg ha-1)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1158–1494 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Combined RDF, manure and biofertilizers raised the gain in available soil P to 3.21 kg ha-1.

Taxon: Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
Treatment: 100% RDF + FYM + bio-fertilizerse0
Outcome: gain in availablesoil Pe0
Direction: highere0
Value: 3.21 kg ha-1e0

Not reportedComparatorSetting

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

t0
“Indian mustard”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 12–26 · show in text ↑

e0
“100% RDF + FYM + bio-fertilizers registered significantly higher pooled seed and stover yield (3231 and 13604 kg ha-1, respectively), crop phosphorus uptake (52.71 kg ha-1), available soil P at crop harvest (23.35 kg ha-1), gain in availablesoil P(3.21 kg ha-1) and dry biomass of residues (4649.1 kg ha-1) and Precycled (11.56 kg ha-1)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1158–1494 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Combined RDF, manure and biofertilizers raised residue dry biomass to 4649.1 kg ha-1.

Taxon: Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
Treatment: 100% RDF + FYM + bio-fertilizerse0
Outcome: dry biomass of residuese0
Direction: highere0
Value: 4649.1 kg ha-1e0

Not reportedComparatorSetting

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

t0
“Indian mustard”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 12–26 · show in text ↑

e0
“100% RDF + FYM + bio-fertilizers registered significantly higher pooled seed and stover yield (3231 and 13604 kg ha-1, respectively), crop phosphorus uptake (52.71 kg ha-1), available soil P at crop harvest (23.35 kg ha-1), gain in availablesoil P(3.21 kg ha-1) and dry biomass of residues (4649.1 kg ha-1) and Precycled (11.56 kg ha-1)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1158–1494 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Combined RDF, manure and biofertilizers raised recycled P to 11.56 kg ha-1.

Taxon: Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
Treatment: 100% RDF + FYM + bio-fertilizerse0
Outcome: Precyclede0
Direction: highere0
Value: 11.56 kg ha-1e0

Not reportedComparatorSetting

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

t0
“Indian mustard”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 12–26 · show in text ↑

e0
“100% RDF + FYM + bio-fertilizers registered significantly higher pooled seed and stover yield (3231 and 13604 kg ha-1, respectively), crop phosphorus uptake (52.71 kg ha-1), available soil P at crop harvest (23.35 kg ha-1), gain in availablesoil P(3.21 kg ha-1) and dry biomass of residues (4649.1 kg ha-1) and Precycled (11.56 kg ha-1)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1158–1494 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

BR plus IAA raised seed yield to 2922 kg ha-1.

Taxon: Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
Treatment: BR + IAAe0
Outcome: seede0
Direction: highere0
Value: 2922e0

Not reportedComparatorSetting

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

t0
“Indian mustard”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 12–26 · show in text ↑

e0
“BR + IAA recorded significantly higher pooled seed and stover yield (2922 and 12379 kg ha-1, respectively), crop phosphorus uptake (47.12 kg ha-1), dry biomass of residues (4186.9 kg ha-1) and Precycled (10.44 kg ha-1)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1509–1727 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

BR plus IAA raised stover yield to 12379 kg ha-1.

Taxon: Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
Treatment: BR + IAAe0
Outcome: stover yielde0
Direction: highere0
Value: 12379 kg ha-1e0

Not reportedComparatorSetting

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

t0
“Indian mustard”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 12–26 · show in text ↑

e0
“BR + IAA recorded significantly higher pooled seed and stover yield (2922 and 12379 kg ha-1, respectively), crop phosphorus uptake (47.12 kg ha-1), dry biomass of residues (4186.9 kg ha-1) and Precycled (10.44 kg ha-1)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1509–1727 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

BR plus IAA raised crop phosphorus uptake to 47.12 kg ha-1.

Taxon: Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
Treatment: BR + IAAe0
Outcome: crop phosphorus uptakee0
Direction: highere0
Value: 47.12 kg ha-1e0

Not reportedComparatorSetting

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

t0
“Indian mustard”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 12–26 · show in text ↑

e0
“BR + IAA recorded significantly higher pooled seed and stover yield (2922 and 12379 kg ha-1, respectively), crop phosphorus uptake (47.12 kg ha-1), dry biomass of residues (4186.9 kg ha-1) and Precycled (10.44 kg ha-1)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1509–1727 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

BR plus IAA raised residue dry biomass to 4186.9 kg ha-1.

Taxon: Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
Treatment: BR + IAAe0
Outcome: dry biomass of residuese0
Direction: highere0
Value: 4186.9 kg ha-1e0

Not reportedComparatorSetting

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

t0
“Indian mustard”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 12–26 · show in text ↑

e0
“BR + IAA recorded significantly higher pooled seed and stover yield (2922 and 12379 kg ha-1, respectively), crop phosphorus uptake (47.12 kg ha-1), dry biomass of residues (4186.9 kg ha-1) and Precycled (10.44 kg ha-1)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1509–1727 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

BR plus IAA raised recycled P to 10.44 kg ha-1.

Taxon: Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
Treatment: BR + IAAe0
Outcome: Precyclede0
Direction: highere0
Value: 10.44 kg ha-1e0

Not reportedComparatorSetting

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

t0
“Indian mustard”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 12–26 · show in text ↑

e0
“BR + IAA recorded significantly higher pooled seed and stover yield (2922 and 12379 kg ha-1, respectively), crop phosphorus uptake (47.12 kg ha-1), dry biomass of residues (4186.9 kg ha-1) and Precycled (10.44 kg ha-1)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1509–1727 · show in text ↑

brassinolide · growth · Brassica juncea (Indian mustard)Results agree

2 papers: 2 positive, 0 negative or no effect

1 paper in the same direction as this paper

positive
Exogenous BR is efficient in improving vegetative growth of Brassica juncea.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY & LIFE SCIENCES (Int. J. of Pharm. Life Sci.) Effect of 24-Epibrassinolide induced changes in Seed germination, Growth and Biochemical Composition in Early seedling stages of Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj · 2014
Same direction

See all 2 papers →

indole-3-acetic acid · nutrient: content · Brassica juncea (Indian mustard)Results agree

3 papers: 3 positive, 0 negative or no effect

2 papers in the same direction as this paper

positive
IAA combined with GA or 6-BA produced higher phytoextraction efficiency than other PGR treatments.
Enhancement of cadmium accumulation by Brassica juncea and B. napus using indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic aid (GA) and 6-benzyladenine (6-BA). · 2010 · compared with other treatments with PGRs
Same direction
positive
IAA 100 increased siliquae photoassimilate translocation under combined stress to 6.5%.
Amelioration of photo-assimilates translocation pattern by the application of phytohormones in Indian mustard under abiotic stress environment · 2016 · compared with control
Same direction

See all 3 papers →

indole-3-acetic acid · growth · Brassica juncea (Indian mustard)Results agree

4 papers: 4 positive, 0 negative or no effect

3 papers in the same direction as this paper

positive
Exogenous IAA improved plant growth under arsenic stress.
Identification and profiling of arsenic stress-induced microRNAs inBrassica juncea · 2012
Same direction
positive
MS medium with IAA gave maximum rooting response in all hybrids.
Development of Alternaria blight resistant lines through interspecific hybridization between Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) and white mustard (Brassica alba) through embryo rescue · 2018
Same direction
positive
IAA plus KIN yielded higher callus frequency and amount.
Tissue culture studies in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss) · 2001
Same direction

See all 4 papers →

inoculation · yield · Brassica juncea (Indian mustard)Positive and negative results

23 papers: 22 positive, 1 negative or no effect

21 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative

no effect
No biofertilizer with 80 kg N/ha gave seed yield at par with Azotobacter with 80 kg N/ha, 1223 kg/ha.
Effect of biofertilizers and nitrogen levels on growth, yield, oil content and economics of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in north central plateau zone of Odisha · 2024 · compared with Azotobacter + 80 kg N ha-1
No difference from an alternative
positive
Microbial inoculants increased root and shoot dry matter yield, not significantly.
Phytoremediation: Enhanced cadmium (Cd) accumulation by organic manuring, EDTA and microbial inoculants (Azotobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp.) in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) · 2011
Same direction
positive
Seed inoculation with azotobacter spp. + PSB spp. (each @ 10 ml/kg seed) improved number of siliquae per plant and number of seed per siliqua relative to control.
Response of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) to different levels of organic manures and bio-fertilizers · 2017 · compared with no inoculation
Same direction

19 papers more in this group

See all 23 papers →

inoculation · nutrient: content · Brassica juncea (Indian mustard)Positive and negative results

25 papers: 23 positive, 2 negative or no effect

22 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction

no effect
Inoculation had little effect on Cd concentration of B. juncea.
Microbial Consortium of PGPR, Rhizobia and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Makes Pea Mutant SGECdt Comparable with Indian Mustard in Cadmium Tolerance and Accumulation · 2020
Opposite direction
negative
JB37 reduced shoot Pb concentration by 72.5%.
Effects of Microorganisms on the Bioavailability of Cadmium,Lead and Zinc in Soil · 2010
Opposite direction
positive
SSB biofertilizer significantly increased leaf nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
BIOFERTILIZER BASED ON SILICATE SOLUBILIZING BACTERIA IMPROVES PHOTOSYNTHETIC FUNCTION OF BRASSICA JUNCEA · 2018
Same direction

21 papers more in this group

See all 25 papers →

inoculation · growth · Brassica juncea (Indian mustard)Positive and negative results

31 papers: 30 positive, 1 negative or no effect

29 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction

no effect
Inoculation with the microbial consortium had little effect on biomass of B. juncea.
Microbial Consortium of PGPR, Rhizobia and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Makes Pea Mutant SGECdt Comparable with Indian Mustard in Cadmium Tolerance and Accumulation · 2020
Opposite direction
positive
Inoculation with eight isolates stimulated mustard seedling root elongation.
Characterization of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria isolated from polluted soils and containing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase · 2001
Same direction
positive
Bacterial inoculation improved seed germination under Cr, Cd and Ni relative to controls.
Effect of bacterial inoculation of strains ofpseudomonas aeruginosa, alcaligenes feacalisandbacillus subtilison germination, growth and heavy metal (cd, cr, and ni) uptake ofbrassica juncea · 2015 · compared with control treatment
Same direction

27 papers more in this group

See all 31 papers →

fertilization · nutrient: content · Brassica juncea (Indian mustard)Positive and negative results

42 papers: 41 positive, 1 negative or no effect

40 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction

negative
T10 produced maximum Ni content in mustard seed, 13.7 mg kg-1.
Effect of Sewage sludge and fertilizers application on accumulation of heavy metals and yield of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) · 2020
Opposite direction
positive
The FYM 6.7 t/ha with N:P:K 133:40:40 treatment raised maximum available phosphorus by 129.0% over initial status.
Influence of Long‐Term Application of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer to Build Up Soil Fertility and Nutrient Uptake in Mint‐Mustard Cropping Sequence · 2006 · compared with initial status
Same direction
positive
Significant improvement in nutrient uptake of Indian mustard was observed under the combined NPK, FYM, borax and ZnSO4 treatment.
Nutrient Management Effects on Light Interception, Photosynthesis, Growth, Dry‐matter Production and Yield of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea) · 2004
Same direction

38 papers more in this group

See all 42 papers →

fertilization · growth · Brassica juncea (Indian mustard)Positive and negative results

73 papers: 66 positive, 7 negative or no effect

65 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction

no effect
The SSF treatment had the highest number of leaves and plant height of mustard, without significant difference among the three treatments.
Application of Seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) Extract and Shrimp Waste as Biofertilizer for Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) · 2022 · compared with the three treatments
Opposite direction
no effect
Fertilizers did not enhance Brassica juncea seed germination.
STUDY REGARDING GERMINATION OF INDIAN MUSTARD (BRASSICA JUNCEA L.) FOR APPLICATION IN PHYTOREMEDIATION OF STERILE DUMPS POLLUTED WITH HEAVY METALS · 2022
Opposite direction
no effect
Hydroponic germination had no effect on Chinese/European line shoot formation.
from cotyledon explants of Brassica juncea · 1986
Opposite direction

69 papers more in this group

See all 73 papers →

8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.

Abstract

Claims 12

The same questions in other papers

brassinolide · growth · Brassica juncea (Indian mustard)Results agree

indole-3-acetic acid · nutrient: content · Brassica juncea (Indian mustard)Results agree

indole-3-acetic acid · growth · Brassica juncea (Indian mustard)Results agree

inoculation · yield · Brassica juncea (Indian mustard)Positive and negative results

inoculation · nutrient: content · Brassica juncea (Indian mustard)Positive and negative results

inoculation · growth · Brassica juncea (Indian mustard)Positive and negative results

fertilization · nutrient: content · Brassica juncea (Indian mustard)Positive and negative results

fertilization · growth · Brassica juncea (Indian mustard)Positive and negative results