Abstract
Phytoremediation is an approach designed to extract excessive heavy metals from contaminated soils through plant uptake. Cadmium (Cd) is among the elements most toxic to living organisms. Health hazards associated with the lethal intake of Cd include renal (kidney) damage, anaemia, hypertension and liver damage. A greenhouse experiment was carried out with Indian mustard ( Brassica juncea ) grown on artificially spiked soil (100 μg Cd g −1 ) with EDTA (2 mmol kg −1 in 5 split doses), FYM, vermicompost (VC) and microbial inoculants (MI) such as Azotobacter sp. and Pseudomonas sp. The growth of Brassica juncea L. was better in soil amended with FYM or VC as compared to unamended Cd-polluted soil. Growth was slightly suppressed in EDTA-treated soil, whereas it was better after treatment with MI. The application of FYM and VC increased the dry matter yield of Indian mustard either alone or in combination with microbial inoculants, while that of EDTA caused a significant decrease in the biomass of Indian mustard. The application of microbial inoculants increased the dry matter yield of both the roots and shoots, but not significantly, because MI shows greater sensitivity towards cadmium. The maximum cadmium concentration was observed in the EDTA +MI treatment, but Cd uptake was maximum in the VC + MI treatment. The Cd concentration in the shoots increased by 120% in Cd EDTA over the Cd 100 treatment, followed by Cd VC (65%) and Cd FYM (42%) in the absence of microbial inoculants. The corresponding values in the presence of MI were 107, 51 and 37%, respectively. A similar trend was also observed in the roots in the order Cd EDTA+M > Cd VC+M > Cd FYM+M >Cd 100+M .MI caused an increase in Cd content of 5.5% in the roots and 4.1% in the shoots in the Cd EDTA+M treatment compared with the Cd EDTA treatment. FYM, VC and EDTA also increased Cd uptake significantly both in the shoots and roots with and without microbial inoculants.The results indicated that Vermicompost in combination with microbial inoculants is the best treatment for the phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soil by Indian mustard, as revealed by the Cd uptake values in the shoots: Cd VC+M (2265.7 μg/pot) followed by Cd EDTA+M (2251.2 μg/pot), Cd FYM+M (1485.7 μg/pot) and Cd 100+M (993.1 μg/pot).
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
FYM or VC amendment gave better Indian mustard growth and increased dry matter yield than unamended Cd-polluted soil.
- Taxon
- Indian mustard
Brassica junceat0 - Treatment
- FYM or VCe1
- Outcome
- dry matter yielde2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- unamended Cd-polluted soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)”
e1“The growth of Brassica juncea L. was better in soil amended with FYM or VC as compared to unamended Cd-polluted soil”
e2“The application of FYM and VC increased the dry matter yield of Indian mustard either alone or in combination with microbial inoculants”
Claim · model-written summary
EDTA slightly suppressed Indian mustard growth.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- EDTAe1
- Outcome
- Growthe1
- Direction
- slightly suppressede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)”
e1“Growth was slightly suppressed in EDTA-treated soil, whereas it was better after treatment with MI”
Claim · model-written summary
Microbial inoculant treatment improved Indian mustard growth.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- MIe1
- Outcome
- Growthe1
- Direction
- bettere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)”
e1“Growth was slightly suppressed in EDTA-treated soil, whereas it was better after treatment with MI”
Claim · model-written summary
EDTA caused a significant decrease in Indian mustard biomass.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- EDTAe1
- Outcome
- biomasse1
- Direction
- decreasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)”
e1“while that of EDTA caused a significant decrease in the biomass of Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Microbial inoculants increased root and shoot dry matter yield, not significantly.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Organ / stage
- roots and shootse1
- Treatment
- microbial inoculantse1
- Interactor
- microbial inoculantse1symbiont
- Outcome
- dry matter yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- not significantlye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)”
e1“The application of microbial inoculants increased the dry matter yield of both the roots and shoots, but not significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
The maximum Cd concentration in Indian mustard was observed in the EDTA+MI treatment.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- EDTA +MIe1
- Outcome
- cadmium concentratione1
- Direction
- maximume1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)”
e1“The maximum cadmium concentration was observed in the EDTA +MI treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The VC+MI treatment gave the maximum Cd uptake in Indian mustard shoots, 2265.7 μg/pot, and was identified as the best treatment for phytoremediation.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Organ / stage
- shootse2
- Treatment
- VC + MIe1
- Outcome
- Cd uptakee1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 2265.7 μg/pote2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)”
e1“but Cd uptake was maximum in the VC + MI treatment”
e2“Vermicompost in combination with microbial inoculants is the best treatment for the phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soil by Indian mustard, as revealed by the Cd uptake values in the shoots: Cd VC+M (2265.7 μg/pot)”
Claim · model-written summary
EDTA increased shoot Cd concentration by 120% over the Cd 100 treatment in the absence of microbial inoculants.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- EDTAe1
- Outcome
- Cd concentration in the shootse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 120%e1
- Qualifier
- in the absence of microbial inoculantse1
- Comparator
- Cd 100 treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)”
e1“The Cd concentration in the shoots increased by 120% in Cd EDTA over the Cd 100 treatment, followed by Cd VC (65%) and Cd FYM (42%) in the absence of microbial inoculants”
Claim · model-written summary
VC increased shoot Cd concentration by 65% over the Cd 100 treatment in the absence of microbial inoculants.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- VCe1
- Outcome
- Cd concentration in the shootse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 65%e1
- Qualifier
- in the absence of microbial inoculantse1
- Comparator
- Cd 100 treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)”
e1“The Cd concentration in the shoots increased by 120% in Cd EDTA over the Cd 100 treatment, followed by Cd VC (65%) and Cd FYM (42%) in the absence of microbial inoculants”
Claim · model-written summary
FYM increased shoot Cd concentration by 42% over the Cd 100 treatment in the absence of microbial inoculants.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- FYMe1
- Outcome
- Cd concentration in the shootse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 42%e1
- Qualifier
- in the absence of microbial inoculantse1
- Comparator
- Cd 100 treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)”
e1“The Cd concentration in the shoots increased by 120% in Cd EDTA over the Cd 100 treatment, followed by Cd VC (65%) and Cd FYM (42%) in the absence of microbial inoculants”
Claim · model-written summary
With microbial inoculants, EDTA increased shoot Cd concentration by 107% over the Cd 100 treatment.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- EDTAe2
- Outcome
- Cd concentration in the shootse2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
- Value
- 107e1
- Qualifier
- in the presence of MIe1
- Comparator
- Cd 100 treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)”
e1“The corresponding values in the presence of MI were 107, 51 and 37%, respectively”
e2“The Cd concentration in the shoots increased by 120% in Cd EDTA over the Cd 100 treatment, followed by Cd VC (65%) and Cd FYM (42%) in the absence of microbial inoculants”
Claim · model-written summary
With microbial inoculants, VC increased shoot Cd concentration by 51% over the Cd 100 treatment.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- VCe2
- Outcome
- Cd concentration in the shootse2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
- Value
- 51e1
- Qualifier
- in the presence of MIe1
- Comparator
- Cd 100 treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)”
e1“The corresponding values in the presence of MI were 107, 51 and 37%, respectively”
e2“The Cd concentration in the shoots increased by 120% in Cd EDTA over the Cd 100 treatment, followed by Cd VC (65%) and Cd FYM (42%) in the absence of microbial inoculants”
Claim · model-written summary
With microbial inoculants, FYM increased shoot Cd concentration by 37% over the Cd 100 treatment.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- FYMe2
- Outcome
- Cd concentration in the shootse2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
- Value
- 37e1
- Qualifier
- in the presence of MIe1
- Comparator
- Cd 100 treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)”
e1“The corresponding values in the presence of MI were 107, 51 and 37%, respectively”
e2“The Cd concentration in the shoots increased by 120% in Cd EDTA over the Cd 100 treatment, followed by Cd VC (65%) and Cd FYM (42%) in the absence of microbial inoculants”
Claim · model-written summary
MI caused a 5.5% increase in root Cd content in EDTA+MI compared with EDTA alone.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse1
- Treatment
- MIe1
- Outcome
- Cd contente1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 5.5%e1
- Comparator
- Cd EDTA treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)”
e1“MI caused an increase in Cd content of 5.5% in the roots and 4.1% in the shoots in the Cd EDTA+M treatment compared with the Cd EDTA treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
MI caused a 4.1% increase in shoot Cd content in EDTA+MI compared with EDTA alone.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Organ / stage
- shootse1
- Treatment
- MIe1
- Outcome
- Cd contente1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 4.1%e1
- Comparator
- Cd EDTA treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)”
e1“MI caused an increase in Cd content of 5.5% in the roots and 4.1% in the shoots in the Cd EDTA+M treatment compared with the Cd EDTA treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
FYM increased Cd uptake significantly in shoots and roots, with and without microbial inoculants.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Organ / stage
- shoots and rootse1
- Treatment
- FYMe1
- Outcome
- Cd uptakee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- with and without microbial inoculantse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)”
e1“FYM, VC and EDTA also increased Cd uptake significantly both in the shoots and roots with and without microbial inoculants”
Claim · model-written summary
VC increased Cd uptake significantly in shoots and roots, with and without microbial inoculants.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Organ / stage
- shoots and rootse1
- Treatment
- VCe1
- Outcome
- Cd uptakee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- with and without microbial inoculantse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)”
e1“FYM, VC and EDTA also increased Cd uptake significantly both in the shoots and roots with and without microbial inoculants”
Claim · model-written summary
EDTA increased Cd uptake significantly in shoots and roots, with and without microbial inoculants.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Organ / stage
- shoots and rootse1
- Treatment
- EDTAe1
- Outcome
- Cd uptakee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- with and without microbial inoculantse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)”
e1“FYM, VC and EDTA also increased Cd uptake significantly both in the shoots and roots with and without microbial inoculants”
Claim · model-written summary
Root Cd accumulation followed the order EDTA+MI > VC+MI > FYM+MI > Cd 100+MI.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse1
- Outcome
- trende1
- Qualifier
- in the order Cd EDTA+M > Cd VC+M > Cd FYM+M >Cd 100+Me1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)”
e1“A similar trend was also observed in the roots in the order Cd EDTA+M > Cd VC+M > Cd FYM+M >Cd 100+M”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot Cd uptake was 2251.2 μg/pot for EDTA+MI, 1485.7 μg/pot for FYM+MI and 993.1 μg/pot for Cd 100+MI.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Organ / stage
- shootse2
- Treatment
- EDTA+Me1
- Outcome
- Cd uptakee2
- Value
- 2251.2 μg/pote1
- Qualifier
- Cd FYM+M (1485.7 μg/pot) and Cd 100+M (993.1 μg/pot)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)”
e1“followed by Cd EDTA+M (2251.2 μg/pot), Cd FYM+M (1485.7 μg/pot) and Cd 100+M (993.1 μg/pot)”
e2“as revealed by the Cd uptake values in the shoots: Cd VC+M (2265.7 μg/pot) followed by Cd EDTA+M (2251.2 μg/pot)”
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See all 139 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.