Abstract
The wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crown is the critical organ of low temperature stress survival over winter. In cold-acclimated crowns, ice formation in the apoplast causes severe tissue disruption as it grows at the expense of intracellular water. While previous crown studies have shown the vascular transition zone (VTZ) to have a higher freezing sensitivity than the shoot apical meristem (SAM), the mechanism behind the differential freezing response is not fully understood. Cooling cold-acclimated crowns to -10 °C resulted in an absence of VTZ tetrazolium chloride staining, whereas the temperatures at which 50% of the SAM stained positive and 50% of plants recovered (LT50) were similar after cold acclimation for 21 (-16 °C) and 42 d (-20 °C) at 4 °C. Proteomic analysis of the apoplastic fluids identified dehydrins, vernalization-responsive proteins, and cold shock proteins preferentially accumulated in the SAM. In contrast, modifications to the VTZ centered on increases in pathogenesis-related proteins, anti-freeze proteins, and sugar hydrolyzing enzymes. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy focal plane array analysis identified the biochemical modification of the cell wall to enhance methyl-esterified cross-linking of glucuronoarabinoxylans in the VTZ. These findings indicate that the SAM and VTZ express two distinct tissue-specific apoplastic responses during cold acclimation.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Cooling acclimated crowns to -10 °C eliminated VTZ staining.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Organ / stage
- VTZe0
- Treatment
- Cooling cold-acclimated crowns to -10 °Ce0
- Outcome
- absence of VTZ tetrazolium chloride staininge0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cooling cold-acclimated crowns to -10 °C resulted in an absence of VTZ tetrazolium chloride staining”
e1“The wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
After 21 days acclimation, SAM staining and plant recovery LT50 were similar at -16 °C.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- 50% of the SAM stained positive and 50% of plants recovered (LT50)e0
- Value
- -16 °Ce0
- Qualifier
- cold acclimation for 21e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the temperatures at which 50% of the SAM stained positive and 50% of plants recovered (LT50) were similar after cold acclimation for 21 (-16 °C) and 42 d (-20 °C) at 4 °C.”
e1“The wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
After 42 days acclimation, SAM staining and plant recovery LT50 were similar at -20 °C.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- 50% of the SAM stained positive and 50% of plants recovered (LT50)e0
- Value
- -20 °Ce0
- Qualifier
- 42 de0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the temperatures at which 50% of the SAM stained positive and 50% of plants recovered (LT50) were similar after cold acclimation for 21 (-16 °C) and 42 d (-20 °C) at 4 °C.”
e1“The wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Dehydrins, vernalization responsive proteins and cold shock proteins preferentially accumulated in SAM.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- SAMe0
- Outcome
- dehydrins, vernalization-responsive proteins, and cold shock proteinse0
- Direction
- preferentially accumulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dehydrins, vernalization-responsive proteins, and cold shock proteins preferentially accumulated in the SAM.”
e1“The wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pathogenesis related proteins, anti freeze proteins and sugar hydrolyzing enzymes increased in VTZ.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- pathogenesis-related proteins, anti-freeze proteins, and sugar hydrolyzing enzymese0
- Direction
- increasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increases in pathogenesis-related proteins, anti-freeze proteins, and sugar hydrolyzing enzymes.”
e1“The wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
VTZ cell wall glucuronoarabinoxylans showed enhanced methyl esterified cross linking.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- VTZe0
- Outcome
- methyl-esterified cross-linking of glucuronoarabinoxylanse0
- Direction
- enhancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochemical modification of the cell wall to enhance methyl-esterified cross-linking of glucuronoarabinoxylans in the VTZ.”
e1“The wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
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