Abstract
In this study, effects from application of protocatechuic acid (PA) and vanillic acid (VA) and their mixture on the submergence tolerance of rice were examined. The treatment of 0.01 mM PA and VA did not show significant increase of rice growth as compared to the controls. However, at higher concentrations (0.1–1.0 mM), rice shoot was elevated in submergence by 20.8–22.4%. The survival percentage of rice seedlings at any dose of PA, VA and their mixture was significantly higher than the controls. In general, the mixture of PA and VA was more active to promote shoot elongation and survival in submergence than sole treatment of either PA or VA. The amount of chlorophyll b by PA was significantly increased, while no change in chlorophyll a content was observed. VA remarkably reduced malondialdehyde quantity at three days of submergence, while no significant difference among treatment was observed in PA, the mixture, and respective controls. The two phenolic acids promoted contents of phenolics and flavonoids in rice leaves and roots, however the quantities of endogenous PA and VA in rice were not markedly differed after PA and VA treated on roots of rice seedlings. The ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities were enhanced, while the expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes was favored. VA increased the expression level of ascorbate peroxidase genes in higher levels than PA and their mixture, while no significant difference was observed in the other genes including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and peroxidase. Findings of this study showed that PA and VA increased the submergence tolerance of rice by promoting the photosynthetic and anti-oxidative processes in rice seedlings. The treatment of PA and VA mixture on seedling roots was potent to promote the submergence tolerance in rice.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
At 0.01 mM, PA and VA did not significantly increase rice growth.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- 0.01 mM PA and VAe0
- Outcome
- rice growthe0
- Direction
- did not show significant increasee0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The treatment of 0.01 mM PA and VA did not show significant increase of rice growth as compared to the controls.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 0.1–1.0 mM, rice shoot growth under submergence rose 20.8–22.4%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 0.1–1.0 mMe0
- Outcome
- rice shoote0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Value
- 20.8–22.4%e0
- Qualifier
- in submergencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at higher concentrations (0.1–1.0 mM), rice shoot was elevated in submergence by 20.8–22.4%”
Claim · model-written summary
PA, VA, and their mixture raised seedling survival versus controls at any dose.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- PA, VA and their mixturee0
- Outcome
- survival percentage of rice seedlingse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- at any dosee0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The survival percentage of rice seedlings at any dose of PA, VA and their mixture was significantly higher than the controls.”
Claim · model-written summary
The PA and VA mixture promoted shoot elongation and survival more than either acid alone.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- mixture of PA and VAe0
- Outcome
- shoot elongation and survivale0
- Direction
- more activee0
- Comparator
- sole treatment of either PA or VAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the mixture of PA and VA was more active to promote shoot elongation and survival in submergence than sole treatment of either PA or VA”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
PA increased chlorophyll b.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- PAe0
- Outcome
- amount of chlorophyll be0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The amount of chlorophyll b by PA was significantly increased”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
PA did not change chlorophyll a content.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- PAe1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a contente0
- Direction
- no changee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no change in chlorophyll a content was observed”
e1“The amount of chlorophyll b by PA”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
VA reduced malondialdehyde at three days of submergence.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- VAe0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde quantitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- three days of submergencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“VA remarkably reduced malondialdehyde quantity at three days of submergence”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Malondialdehyde did not differ significantly for PA, mixture, and respective controls.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- PA, the mixturee0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde quantitye1
- Direction
- no significant differencee0
- Comparator
- respective controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no significant difference among treatment was observed in PA, the mixture, and respective controls”
e1“VA remarkably reduced malondialdehyde quantity”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The two acids promoted phenolic and flavonoid content in rice leaves and roots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- leaves and rootse0
- Treatment
- two phenolic acidse0
- Outcome
- contents of phenolics and flavonoidse0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The two phenolic acids promoted contents of phenolics and flavonoids in rice leaves and roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Endogenous PA and VA quantities did not markedly differ after root treatment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- PA and VA treated on rootse0
- Outcome
- quantities of endogenous PA and VAe0
- Direction
- not markedly differede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“quantities of endogenous PA and VA in rice were not markedly differed after PA and VA treated on roots of rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities increased.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activitiese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities were enhanced”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant enzyme gene expression was favored.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- favorede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes was favored”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
VA increased ascorbate peroxidase gene expression more than PA or their mixture.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- VAe0
- Gene
- ascorbate peroxidase genese0
- Outcome
- expression level of ascorbate peroxidase genese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- PA and their mixturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“VA increased the expression level of ascorbate peroxidase genes in higher levels than PA and their mixture”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Other antioxidant genes showed no significant expression differences.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- other genes including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and peroxidasee0
- Direction
- no significant differencee0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no significant difference was observed in the other genes including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and peroxidase”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
PA and VA increased rice submergence tolerance by promoting photosynthetic and antioxidative processes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- PA and VAe0
- Outcome
- submergence tolerance of ricee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- promoting the photosynthetic and anti-oxidative processese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PA and VA increased the submergence tolerance of rice by promoting the photosynthetic and anti-oxidative processes in rice seedlings”
The same questions in other papers
vanillic acid · molecular: metabolites · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
vanillic acid · growth · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.