Abstract
Baseline sensitivities were established for kasugamycin and oxytetracycline for 147 strains of Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi collected from olive knots throughout California. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for ≥95% growth inhibition ranged from 1.86 to 11.52 and 0.13 to 0.40 µg/ml for kasugamycin and oxytetracycline, respectively. In copper sensitivity evaluations, 95.3% of the strains collected grew at concentrations of metallic copper equivalent (MCE) of <20 µg/ml, 2.7% grew at MCE between 20 and 30 µg/ml (moderately sensitive), and 2% grew at MCE of 150 µg/ml (resistant). Copper resistance was never reported previously in the olive knot pathogen, and pathogenicity studies confirmed a high virulence of the copper-resistant strains. In comparative field studies, kasugamycin at 200 µg/ml performed equally to the standard copper hydroxide treatment (MCE of 1,260 µg/ml) for reducing knot development on lateral wounds of Arbequina and Manzanillo olive inoculated with a copper-sensitive strain and was better than copper using a highly copper-resistant strain. Oxytetracycline at 200 µg/ml was not as effective as copper or kasugamycin but significantly reduced the disease as compared with the untreated control. Field studies on application timings of copper, kasugamycin, and copper-kasugamycin mixtures to inoculated wounds indicated that treatments within 24 h of inoculation resulted in higher disease control than applications at later times. In greenhouse trials, copper or copper-kasugamycin applied to wounds 7 days before inoculation persisted and reduced knot incidence by >50%. Our findings indicate that kasugamycin is an effective bactericide for controlling olive knot and that the time of any bactericide application after inoculation is critical in managing the disease.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Pathogen strains had kasugamycin minimum inhibitory concentrations of 1.86 to 11.52 µg/ml for at least 95% growth inhibition.
- Taxon
- Olive
Olea europaeat0 - Interactor
- Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoiPseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoie1pathogen
- Outcome
- growth inhibitione0
- Value
- 1.86 to 11.52e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Minimum inhibitory concentrations for ≥95% growth inhibition ranged from 1.86 to 11.52 and 0.13 to 0.40 µg/ml for kasugamycin and oxytetracycline, respectively.”
t0“Olive Knot”
e1“Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi”
Claim · model-written summary
Pathogen strains had oxytetracycline minimum inhibitory concentrations of 0.13 to 0.40 µg/ml for at least 95% growth inhibition.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- growth inhibitione0
- Value
- 0.13 to 0.40 µg/mle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Minimum inhibitory concentrations for ≥95% growth inhibition ranged from 1.86 to 11.52 and 0.13 to 0.40 µg/ml for kasugamycin and oxytetracycline, respectively.”
t0“Olive Knot”
Claim · model-written summary
Most collected strains, 95.3%, grew below 20 µg/ml metallic copper equivalent.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- strains collected grewe0
- Value
- 95.3%e0
- Qualifier
- <20 µg/mle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“95.3% of the strains collected grew at concentrations of metallic copper equivalent (MCE) of <20 µg/ml”
t0“Olive Knot”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderately sensitive strains comprised 2.7% at 20 to 30 µg/ml copper equivalent.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- grew at MCEe0
- Value
- 2.7%e0
- Qualifier
- between 20 and 30 µg/mle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2.7% grew at MCE between 20 and 30 µg/ml (moderately sensitive)”
t0“Olive Knot”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper-resistant strains comprised 2% at 150 µg/ml copper equivalent.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- grew at MCEe0
- Value
- 2%e0
- Qualifier
- 150 µg/mle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2% grew at MCE of 150 µg/ml (resistant)”
t0“Olive Knot”
Claim · model-written summary
Pathogenicity tests confirmed high virulence of copper-resistant olive knot strains.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- high virulence of the copper-resistant strainse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pathogenicity studies confirmed a high virulence of the copper-resistant strains”
t0“Olive Knot”
Claim · model-written summary
Kasugamycin matched copper hydroxide for reducing knots after inoculation with a copper-sensitive strain.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeae0
- Material
- Arbequina and Manzanilloe0
- Treatment
- kasugamycin at 200 µg/mle0
- Outcome
- knot developmente0
- Direction
- performed equallye0
- Comparator
- standard copper hydroxide treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“kasugamycin at 200 µg/ml performed equally to the standard copper hydroxide treatment (MCE of 1,260 µg/ml) for reducing knot development on lateral wounds of Arbequina and Manzanillo olive inoculated with a copper-sensitive strain”
Claim · model-written summary
Kasugamycin outperformed copper against a highly copper-resistant strain.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- kasugamycine2
- Outcome
- better than coppere0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- coppere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was better than copper using a highly copper-resistant strain”
t0“Olive Knot”
e2“kasugamycin at 200 µg/ml”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxytetracycline was less effective than copper or kasugamycin.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- Oxytetracycline at 200 µg/mle0
- Outcome
- not as effectivee0
- Direction
- not as effectivee0
- Comparator
- copper or kasugamycine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oxytetracycline at 200 µg/ml was not as effective as copper or kasugamycin”
t0“Olive Knot”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxytetracycline significantly reduced disease versus untreated control.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- Oxytetracycline at 200 µg/mle0
- Outcome
- diseasee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oxytetracycline at 200 µg/ml was not as effective as copper or kasugamycin but significantly reduced the disease as compared with the untreated control.”
t0“Olive Knot”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying bactericides within 24 h of inoculation gave higher disease control than later application.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- treatments within 24 h of inoculatione0
- Outcome
- disease controle0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- applications at later timese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatments within 24 h of inoculation resulted in higher disease control than applications at later times”
t0“Olive Knot”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-inoculation copper or copper-kasugamycin reduced knot incidence by more than 50% in greenhouse trials.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- copper or copper-kasugamycin applied to wounds 7 days before inoculatione0
- Outcome
- knot incidencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- >50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“copper or copper-kasugamycin applied to wounds 7 days before inoculation persisted and reduced knot incidence by >50%”
t0“Olive Knot”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded that bactericide timing after inoculation is critical for disease management.
- Taxon
- oliveOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- time of any bactericide application after inoculatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the time of any bactericide application after inoculation is critical in managing the disease”
t0“Olive Knot”
The same questions in other papers
copper atom · disease · Olea europaea (common olive)Results agree
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- positive
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1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
inoculation · disease · Olea europaea (common olive)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction
- negative
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See all 17 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.