Abstract
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the five major oilseed crops cultivated worldwide. Salt stress is a common adverse condition for the growth of this crop in many countries and regions. In this study, physiological parameters and transcriptome profiles of peanut seedlings exposed to salt stress (250 mM NaCl for four days, S4) and recovery for 3 days (when transferred to standard conditions for 3 days, R3) were analyzed to detect genes associated with salt stress and recovery in peanut. We observed that the quantum yield of PSII electron transport (ΦPSII) and the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) decreased in S4 compared with the control, and increased in R3 compared with those in S4. Seedling fresh weight, dry weight and PSI oxidoreductive activity (∆I/Io) were inhibited in S4 and did not recover in R3. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities decreased in S4 and increased in R3, whereas superoxide anion (O2−•) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents increased in S4 and decreased in R3. Transcriptome analysis revealed 1742 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under salt stress and 390 DEGs under recovery. Among these DEGs, two DEGs encoding ω-3 fatty acid desaturase that synthesized linolenic acid (18:3) from linoleic acid (18:2) were down-regulated in S4 and up-regulated in R3. Furthermore, ω-3 fatty acid desaturase activity decreased under salt stress and increased under recovery. Consistent with this result, 18:3 content decreased under salt stress and increased under recovery compared with that under salt treatment. In conclusion, salt stress markedly changed the activity of ω-3 fatty acid desaturase and fatty acid composition. The findings provide novel insights for the improvement of salt tolerance in peanut.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress lowered peanut PSII electron transport yield and maximal photochemical efficiency relative to control.
- Taxon
- Peanut
Arachis hypogaeat0 - Treatment
- S4e0
- Outcome
- quantum yield of PSII electron transport (ΦPSII) and the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“quantum yield of PSII electron transport (ΦPSII) and the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) decreased in S4 compared with the control”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
After recovery, both PSII metrics rose relative to salt-stressed seedlings.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased in R3 compared with those in S4”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress inhibited peanut seedling fresh and dry weight and PSI oxidoreductive activity.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- S4e0
- Outcome
- Seedling fresh weight, dry weight and PSI oxidoreductive activity (∆I/Io)e0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedling fresh weight, dry weight and PSI oxidoreductive activity (∆I/Io) were inhibited in S4”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Those weight and PSI measures did not recover after salt removal.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- R3e0
- Outcome
- Seedling fresh weight, dry weight and PSI oxidoreductive activity (∆I/Io)e0
- Direction
- did not recovere0
- Comparator
- S4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedling fresh weight, dry weight and PSI oxidoreductive activity (∆I/Io) were inhibited in S4 and did not recover in R3”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced SOD and APX activities.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- S4e0
- Outcome
- Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activitiese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities decreased in S4”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
During recovery, SOD and APX activities rose.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- R3e0
- Outcome
- Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- S4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities decreased in S4 and increased in R3”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide contents.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- S4e0
- Outcome
- superoxide anion (O2−•) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“superoxide anion (O2−•) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents increased in S4”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
During recovery, superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide contents fell.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- R3e0
- Outcome
- superoxide anion (O2−•) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contentse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- S4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“superoxide anion (O2−•) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents increased in S4 and decreased in R3”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcriptome analysis found 1742 differentially expressed genes under salt stress.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genes (DEGs)e0
- Value
- 1742e0
- Qualifier
- under salt stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“1742 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under salt stress”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcriptome analysis found 390 differentially expressed genes during recovery.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- DEGse0
- Value
- 390e0
- Qualifier
- under recoverye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“390 DEGs under recovery”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Two ω-3 fatty acid desaturase genes were down-regulated during salt stress.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- S4e0
- Gene
- ω-3 fatty acid desaturasee0
- Outcome
- two DEGs encoding ω-3 fatty acid desaturasee0
- Direction
- down-regulatede0
- Value
- two DEGse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two DEGs encoding ω-3 fatty acid desaturase that synthesized linolenic acid (18:3) from linoleic acid (18:2) were down-regulated in S4”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Those ω-3 fatty acid desaturase genes were up-regulated during recovery.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- R3e0
- Gene
- ω-3 fatty acid desaturasee0
- Outcome
- two DEGs encoding ω-3 fatty acid desaturasee0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
- Comparator
- S4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two DEGs encoding ω-3 fatty acid desaturase that synthesized linolenic acid (18:3) from linoleic acid (18:2) were down-regulated in S4 and up-regulated in R3”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress decreased ω-3 fatty acid desaturase activity.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Gene
- ω-3 fatty acid desaturasee0
- Outcome
- ω-3 fatty acid desaturase activitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ω-3 fatty acid desaturase activity decreased under salt stress”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Recovery increased ω-3 fatty acid desaturase activity.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- recoverye0
- Gene
- ω-3 fatty acid desaturasee0
- Outcome
- ω-3 fatty acid desaturase activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- salt stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ω-3 fatty acid desaturase activity decreased under salt stress and increased under recovery”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress decreased 18:3 content.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- 18:3 contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“18:3 content decreased under salt stress”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Recovery increased 18:3 content compared with salt treatment.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- recoverye0
- Outcome
- 18:3 contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- salt treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“18:3 content decreased under salt stress and increased under recovery compared with that under salt treatment”
t0“Peanut”
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