Abstract
Core Ideas Heat waves can significantly reduce wheat production and quality in arable cropping regions. Modeling could aid the development of adaptive strategies to climate and weather variables. Further model refinement for step‐change response of wheat to high temperature is required. High temperature applied 5 days prior to anthesis reduced grain set by 0.16% per °C×h (>32°C). High temperature applied after anthesis reduced individual grain weight by 0.05% per °C×h (>32°C). Heat waves have a significant impact on crop production and quality of many staple grains including wheat. Under climate change, changing weather patterns including greater temperature volatility are also likely to further affect yield stability. Simulation modeling provides a powerful tool to investigate the interactive effects of abiotic factors and develop adaptive strategies; however, many of these models do not adequately account for the step change response to high temperature occurring during the crop reproductive phase. Empirical response data will support the development of robust algorithms for crop models. We present results from three experiments on the response of wheat to a range of acute high‐temperature treatments. For 35, 37, and 42°C and 1, 3, and 5 d of exposure (∼6 h d −1 ), expressed as heat sum, °C×h (above 32°C), high temperature applied 5 d prior to anthesis reduced grain number and yield by 0.16 and 0.15% per °C×h respectively, whereas individual grain weight and grain nitrogen concentration increased by 0.03 and 0.06% per °C×h, respectively. For high temperature applied after anthesis, individual grain weight decreased by 0.05% per °C×h, grain nitrogen concentration increased by 0.03% per °C×h, and yield was reduced by 0.07% per °C×h. The often asymptotic response meant exponential functions provided a superior fit. Water availability prior to anthesis attenuated wheat response to high temperature. Such algorithms could contribute to improving our prediction of the step change response of wheat to high temperature within crop models and more broadly contribute to developing strategies for crop adaptation to climate change using a modeling approach.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Heat before anthesis reduced grain number by 0.16% per °C×h.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- high temperature applied 5 d prior to anthesise0
- Outcome
- grain numbere0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 0.16e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For 35, 37, and 42°C and 1, 3, and 5 d of exposure (∼6 h d −1 ), expressed as heat sum, °C×h (above 32°C), high temperature applied 5 d prior to anthesis reduced grain number and yield by 0.16 and 0.15% per °C×h respectively, whereas individual grain weight and grain nitrogen concentration increased by 0.03 and 0.06% per °C×h, respectively.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat before anthesis reduced yield by 0.15% per °C×h.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- high temperature applied 5 d prior to anthesise0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 0.15% per °C×he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For 35, 37, and 42°C and 1, 3, and 5 d of exposure (∼6 h d −1 ), expressed as heat sum, °C×h (above 32°C), high temperature applied 5 d prior to anthesis reduced grain number and yield by 0.16 and 0.15% per °C×h respectively, whereas individual grain weight and grain nitrogen concentration increased by 0.03 and 0.06% per °C×h, respectively.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat before anthesis increased individual grain weight by 0.03% per °C×h.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- high temperature applied 5 d prior to anthesise0
- Outcome
- individual grain weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.03e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For 35, 37, and 42°C and 1, 3, and 5 d of exposure (∼6 h d −1 ), expressed as heat sum, °C×h (above 32°C), high temperature applied 5 d prior to anthesis reduced grain number and yield by 0.16 and 0.15% per °C×h respectively, whereas individual grain weight and grain nitrogen concentration increased by 0.03 and 0.06% per °C×h, respectively.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat before anthesis increased grain nitrogen concentration by 0.06% per °C×h.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- high temperature applied 5 d prior to anthesise0
- Outcome
- grain nitrogen concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.06% per °C×he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For 35, 37, and 42°C and 1, 3, and 5 d of exposure (∼6 h d −1 ), expressed as heat sum, °C×h (above 32°C), high temperature applied 5 d prior to anthesis reduced grain number and yield by 0.16 and 0.15% per °C×h respectively, whereas individual grain weight and grain nitrogen concentration increased by 0.03 and 0.06% per °C×h, respectively.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat after anthesis decreased individual grain weight by 0.05% per °C×h.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- high temperature applied after anthesise0
- Outcome
- individual grain weighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 0.05% per °C×he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For high temperature applied after anthesis, individual grain weight decreased by 0.05% per °C×h, grain nitrogen concentration increased by 0.03% per °C×h, and yield was reduced by 0.07% per °C×h.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat after anthesis increased grain nitrogen concentration by 0.03% per °C×h.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- high temperature applied after anthesise0
- Outcome
- grain nitrogen concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.03% per °C×he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For high temperature applied after anthesis, individual grain weight decreased by 0.05% per °C×h, grain nitrogen concentration increased by 0.03% per °C×h, and yield was reduced by 0.07% per °C×h.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat after anthesis reduced yield by 0.07% per °C×h.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- high temperature applied after anthesise0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 0.07% per °C×he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For high temperature applied after anthesis, individual grain weight decreased by 0.05% per °C×h, grain nitrogen concentration increased by 0.03% per °C×h, and yield was reduced by 0.07% per °C×h.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Exponential functions better fit the often asymptotic heat response.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- superior fite0
- Comparator
- exponential functionse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The often asymptotic response meant exponential functions provided a superior fit.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-anthesis water availability attenuated wheat heat response.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- wheat response to high temperaturee0
- Direction
- attenuatede0
- Setting
- Water availability prior to anthesise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water availability prior to anthesis attenuated wheat response to high temperature.”
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See all 309 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.