Abstract
Despite the great diversity of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) with potential to partially replace the use of N fertilisers in agriculture, few PGPB have been explored for the production of commercial inoculants, reinforcing the importance of identifying positive plant-bacteria interactions. Aiming to better understand the influence of PGPB inoculation in plant development, two PGPB species with distant phylogenetic relationship were inoculated in maize. Maize seeds were inoculated with Bacillus sp. or Azospirillum brasilense. After germination, the plants were subjected to two N treatments: full (N+) and limiting (N-) N supply. Then, anatomical, biometric and physiological analyses were performed. Both PGPB species modified the anatomical pattern of roots, as verified by the higher metaxylem vessel element (MVE) number. Bacillus sp. also increased the MVE area in maize roots. Under N+ conditions, both PGPB decreased leaf protein content and led to development of shorter roots; however, Bacillus sp. increased root and shoot dry weight, whereas A. brasilense increased photosynthesis rate and leaf nitrate content. In plants subjected to N limitation (N-), photosynthesis rate and photosystem II efficiency increased in maize inoculated with Bacillus sp., whilst A. brasilense contained higher ammonium, amino acids and total soluble sugars in leaves, compared to the control. Plant developmental and metabolical patterns were switched by the inoculation, regardless of the inoculant bacterium used, producing similar as well as distinct modifications to the parameters studied. These results indicate that even non-diazotrophic inoculant strains can improve the plant N status as result of the morpho-anatomical and physiological modifications produced by the PGPB.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus inoculation increased maize root metaxylem vessel element number.
- Treatment
- Bacillus sp.e1
- Interactor
- Bacillus sp.e1symbiont
- Outcome
- metaxylem vessel element (MVE) numbere0
- Direction
- highere0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both PGPB species modified the anatomical pattern of roots, as verified by the higher metaxylem vessel element (MVE) number”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“Maize seeds were inoculated with Bacillus sp. or Azospirillum brasilense”
Claim · model-written summary
Azospirillum inoculation increased maize root metaxylem vessel element number.
- Treatment
- Azospirillum brasilensee1
- Interactor
- Azospirillum brasilense
Azospirillum brasilensee1symbiont - Outcome
- metaxylem vessel element (MVE) numbere0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both PGPB species modified the anatomical pattern of roots, as verified by the higher metaxylem vessel element (MVE) number”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“Maize seeds were inoculated with Bacillus sp. or Azospirillum brasilense”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus increased metaxylem vessel element area in maize roots.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus sp. also increased the MVE area in maize roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Under full nitrogen, both bacterial inoculants reduced leaf protein content and root length.
- Treatment
- both PGPBe0
- Outcome
- leaf protein content and led to development of shorter rootse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- Under N+ conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under N+ conditions, both PGPB decreased leaf protein content and led to development of shorter roots”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under full nitrogen, Bacillus increased root and shoot dry weight.
- Treatment
- Bacillus sp.e0
- Interactor
- Bacillus sp.e0symbiont
- Outcome
- root and shoot dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus sp. increased root and shoot dry weight”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under full nitrogen, Azospirillum increased photosynthesis rate and leaf nitrate content.
- Treatment
- A. brasilensee0
- Interactor
- A. brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee0symbiont
- Outcome
- photosynthesis rate and leaf nitrate contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. brasilense increased photosynthesis rate and leaf nitrate content”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under nitrogen limitation, Bacillus increased photosynthesis rate and photosystem II efficiency.
- Treatment
- inoculated with Bacillus sp.e0
- Interactor
- Bacillus sp.e0symbiont
- Outcome
- photosynthesis rate and photosystem II efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photosynthesis rate and photosystem II efficiency increased in maize inoculated with Bacillus sp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under nitrogen limitation, Azospirillum raised leaf ammonium, amino acids and soluble sugars against control.
- Treatment
- A. brasilensee0
- Interactor
- A. brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee0symbiont
- Outcome
- ammonium, amino acids and total soluble sugars in leavese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. brasilense contained higher ammonium, amino acids and total soluble sugars in leaves, compared to the control”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded that even non diazotrophic inoculants can improve maize nitrogen status through morphological and physiological changes.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“even non-diazotrophic inoculant strains can improve the plant N status as result of the morpho-anatomical and physiological modifications produced by the PGPB”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
The same questions in other papers
Azospirillum brasilense · physiology: photosynthesis · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- no effect
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →inoculation · quality: protein · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 42 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
45 papers more in this group
See all 49 papers →inoculation · physiology: photosynthesis · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
45 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- no effect
49 papers more in this group
See all 53 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.