Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the antioxidant properties of Rama Forte persimmon, a tannin-rich fruit variety produced in Brazil. Extracts prepared with lyophilized pulps from fruits obtained in local markets were analyzed individually to evaluate the extent of antioxidant protection and investigate the antioxidant mechanism. Iron-mediated hydroxylation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pirrolidine-N-oxide, determined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and oxidative degradation of 2-deoxyribose (2-DR) were inhibited by fruit extracts in a dose-dependent manner. There was a considerable individual variability in inhibition of 2-DR degradation by individual fruits. Higher protection of 2-DR degradation (by the extracts) was observed in Fe(III)-citrate/ascorbate in comparison with Fe(III)-EDTA/ascorbate system; however, antioxidant effectiveness of fruit extracts was not diminished by increasing EDTA concentration by 10-fold. Other competition experiments using the 2-DR assay (varying pre-incubation time and 2-DR concentration) indicated that protection comes mainly from free radical scavenging, rather that metal chelation antioxidant activity. Persimmon extracts prevented iron-mediated lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenates, which correlated significantly with the inhibition of 2-DR oxidation. Finally, sugar content of individual fruits correlated inversely with inhibition of 2-DR degradation, which could indicate that maturation decreases soluble antioxidant concentration or efficiency. In conclusion, lipid peroxidation, 2-DR and EPR experiments indicated that extracts from commercial fruits showed mainly radical-scavenger activity and relevant antioxidant activity.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Persimmon fruit extracts inhibited iron-mediated hydroxylation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pirrolidine-N-oxide in a dose-dependent manner.
- Taxon
- Diospyros kaki
Diospyros kakit0 - Treatment
- fruit extractse1
- Outcome
- Iron-mediated hydroxylation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pirrolidine-N-oxidee1
- Direction
- were inhibitede1
- Qualifier
- in a dose-dependent mannere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“commercial Rama Forte persimmon fruits (Diospyros kaki)”
e1“Iron-mediated hydroxylation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pirrolidine-N-oxide, determined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and oxidative degradation of 2-deoxyribose (2-DR) were inhibited by fruit extracts in a dose-dependent manner”
Claim · model-written summary
Persimmon fruit extracts inhibited oxidative degradation of 2-deoxyribose (2-DR) in a dose-dependent manner.
- Taxon
- Diospyros kakiDiospyros kakit0
- Treatment
- fruit extractse1
- Outcome
- oxidative degradation of 2-deoxyribose (2-DR)e1
- Direction
- were inhibitede1
- Qualifier
- in a dose-dependent mannere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“commercial Rama Forte persimmon fruits (Diospyros kaki)”
e1“Iron-mediated hydroxylation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pirrolidine-N-oxide, determined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and oxidative degradation of 2-deoxyribose (2-DR) were inhibited by fruit extracts in a dose-dependent manner”
Claim · model-written summary
Inhibition of 2-DR degradation varied considerably among individual persimmon fruits.
- Taxon
- Diospyros kakiDiospyros kakit0
- Outcome
- inhibition of 2-DR degradatione2
- Qualifier
- considerable individual variabilitye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“commercial Rama Forte persimmon fruits (Diospyros kaki)”
e2“There was a considerable individual variability in inhibition of 2-DR degradation by individual fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Protection of 2-DR degradation was higher in the Fe(III)-citrate/ascorbate system than in the Fe(III)-EDTA/ascorbate system.
- Taxon
- Diospyros kakiDiospyros kakit0
- Outcome
- protection of 2-DR degradatione3
- Direction
- Highere3
- Qualifier
- in Fe(III)-citrate/ascorbatee3
- Comparator
- Fe(III)-EDTA/ascorbate systeme3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“commercial Rama Forte persimmon fruits (Diospyros kaki)”
e3“Higher protection of 2-DR degradation (by the extracts) was observed in Fe(III)-citrate/ascorbate in comparison with Fe(III)-EDTA/ascorbate system”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant protection of persimmon extracts comes mainly from free radical scavenging rather than metal chelation.
- Taxon
- Diospyros kakiDiospyros kakit0
- Outcome
- protectione4
- Qualifier
- mainly from free radical scavenginge4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“commercial Rama Forte persimmon fruits (Diospyros kaki)”
e4“protection comes mainly from free radical scavenging, rather that metal chelation antioxidant activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Persimmon extracts prevented iron-mediated lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenates.
- Taxon
- Diospyros kakiDiospyros kakit0
- Treatment
- Persimmon extractse5
- Outcome
- iron-mediated lipid peroxidatione5
- Direction
- preventede5
- Qualifier
- in rat liver homogenatese5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“commercial Rama Forte persimmon fruits (Diospyros kaki)”
e5“Persimmon extracts prevented iron-mediated lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenates”
Claim · model-written summary
Prevention of lipid peroxidation by persimmon extracts correlated significantly with inhibition of 2-DR oxidation.
- Taxon
- Diospyros kakiDiospyros kakit0
- Treatment
- Persimmon extractse5
- Outcome
- inhibition of 2-DR oxidatione6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“commercial Rama Forte persimmon fruits (Diospyros kaki)”
e5“Persimmon extracts prevented iron-mediated lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenates”
e6“which correlated significantly with the inhibition of 2-DR oxidation”
Claim · model-written summary
Sugar content of individual persimmon fruits correlated inversely with inhibition of 2-DR degradation.
- Taxon
- Diospyros kakiDiospyros kakit0
- Compound
- sugar contente7
- Outcome
- inhibition of 2-DR degradatione7
- Direction
- correlated inverselye7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“commercial Rama Forte persimmon fruits (Diospyros kaki)”
e7“sugar content of individual fruits correlated inversely with inhibition of 2-DR degradation”
Claim · model-written summary
Maturation may decrease soluble antioxidant concentration or efficiency in persimmon fruit.
- Taxon
- Diospyros kakiDiospyros kakit0
- Outcome
- soluble antioxidant concentration or efficiencye0
- Qualifier
- maturation decreasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“commercial Rama Forte persimmon fruits (Diospyros kaki)”
e0“which could indicate that maturation decreases soluble antioxidant concentration or efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
Extracts from commercial persimmon fruits showed mainly radical-scavenger activity and relevant antioxidant activity.
- Taxon
- Diospyros kakiDiospyros kakit0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye1
- Qualifier
- mainly radical-scavenger activitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“commercial Rama Forte persimmon fruits (Diospyros kaki)”
e1“In conclusion, lipid peroxidation, 2-DR and EPR experiments indicated that extracts from commercial fruits showed mainly radical-scavenger activity and relevant antioxidant activity”