Abstract
Pale yellowing of leaf variegation is observed in the mutant Arabidopsis lines Calcineurin B-Like-Interacting Protein Kinase14 (CIPK14) overexpression (oeCIPK14) and double-knockout WHIRLY1/WHIRLY3 (why1/3). Further, the relative distribution of WHIRLY1 (WHY1) protein between plastids and the nucleus is affected by the phosphorylation of WHY1 by CIPK14. To elucidate the coregulation of CIPK14 and WHIRLY1/WHIRLY3-mediated pale yellowing of leaves, a differential proteomic analysis was conducted between the oeCIPK14 variegated (oeCIPK14-var) line, why1/3 variegated (why1/3-var) line, and wild type (WT). More than 800 protein spots were resolved on each gel, and 67 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight/time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS). Of these 67 proteins, 34 DAPs were in the oeCIPK14-var line and 33 DAPs were in the why1/3-var line compared to the WT. Five overlapping proteins were differentially expressed in both the oeCIPK14-var and why1/3-var lines: ATP-dependent Clp protease proteolytic subunit-related protein 3 (ClpR3), Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase large chain (RBCL), Beta-amylase 3 (BAM3), Ribosome-recycling factor (RRF), and Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase small chain (RBCS). Bioinformatics analysis showed that most of the DAPs are involved in photosynthesis, defense and antioxidation pathways, protein metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, malate biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, and transcription. Thus, in the why1/3-var and oeCIPK14-var lines, there was a decrease in the photosystem parameters, including the content of chlorophyll, the photochemical efficiency of photosystem (PS II) (Fv/Fm), and electron transport rates (ETRs), but there was an increase in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Both mutants showed high sensitivity to intense light. Based on the annotation of the DAPs from both why1/3-var and oeCIPK14-var lines, we conclude that the CIPK14 phosphorylation-mediated WHY1 deficiency in plastids is related to the impairment of protein metabolism, leading to chloroplast dysfunction.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Pale yellow leaf variegation occurred in oeCIPK14 and why1/3 lines.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise0 - Material
- oeCIPK14e0
- Gene
- CIPK14e0
- Outcome
- Pale yellowing of leaf variegatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pale yellowing of leaf variegation is observed in the mutant Arabidopsis lines Calcineurin B-Like-Interacting Protein Kinase14 (CIPK14) overexpression (oeCIPK14) and double-knockout WHIRLY1/WHIRLY3 (why1/3)”
Claim · model-written summary
WHY1 distribution between plastids and nucleus was affected by CIPK14 phosphorylation.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- WHY1e0
- Outcome
- relative distribution of WHIRLY1 (WHY1) protein between plastids and the nucleuse0
- Qualifier
- phosphorylation of WHY1 by CIPK14e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“relative distribution of WHIRLY1 (WHY1) protein between plastids and the nucleus is affected by the phosphorylation of WHY1 by CIPK14”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Sixty-seven differentially abundant proteins were identified.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- differentially abundant proteins (DAPs)e0
- Value
- 67e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“67 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were identified”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Thirty-four DAPs occurred in oeCIPK14-var relative to wild type.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“34 DAPs were in the oeCIPK14-var line and 33 DAPs were in the why1/3-var line compared to the WT”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Thirty-three DAPs occurred in why1/3-var relative to wild type.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“34 DAPs were in the oeCIPK14-var line and 33 DAPs were in the why1/3-var line compared to the WT”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Five proteins were differentially expressed in both mutant lines.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- overlapping proteins were differentially expressede0
- Value
- Fivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Five overlapping proteins were differentially expressed in both the oeCIPK14-var and why1/3-var lines”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Most DAPs were annotated to photosynthesis, defense, metabolism and transcription pathways.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- DAPs are involved in photosynthesis, defense and antioxidation pathways, protein metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, malate biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, and transcriptione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“most of the DAPs are involved in photosynthesis, defense and antioxidation pathways, protein metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, malate biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, and transcription”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll content, PS II efficiency and electron transport rates decreased in both variegated mutant lines.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- why1/3-var and oeCIPK14-vare0
- Outcome
- content of chlorophyll, the photochemical efficiency of photosystem (PS II) (Fv/Fm), and electron transport rates (ETRs)e0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the why1/3-var and oeCIPK14-var lines, there was a decrease in the photosystem parameters, including the content of chlorophyll, the photochemical efficiency of photosystem (PS II) (Fv/Fm), and electron transport rates (ETRs)”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-photochemical quenching increased in both mutant lines.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- why1/3-var and oeCIPK14-vare1
- Outcome
- non-photochemical quenching (NPQ)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was an increase in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ)”
e1“in the why1/3-var and oeCIPK14-var lines”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Both mutants showed high sensitivity to intense light.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- high sensitivity to intense lighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both mutants showed high sensitivity to intense light”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors associated plastid WHY1 deficiency with impaired protein metabolism and chloroplast dysfunction.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- WHY1e0
- Outcome
- chloroplast dysfunctione0
- Qualifier
- impairment of protein metabolisme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CIPK14 phosphorylation-mediated WHY1 deficiency in plastids is related to the impairment of protein metabolism, leading to chloroplast dysfunction”
t0“Arabidopsis”