Abstract
Safflower is an important industrial oil seed and bioenergy crop in semi-arid subtropical regions due to its potential to grow on marginal land and having good percentage of seed oil contents which is an important parameter for biofuel production. However, it is an ignored crop in Pakistan. In order to improve the crop productivity and reduce the use of agrochemicals for sustainable biodiesel feedstock production, an experiment was conducted for two years to improve the fatty acid composition and oil quality of Carthamus tinctorius L. (safflower) by the inoculation of Azospirillum and Azotobacter alone as well as in combined application with nitrogen and phosphate (NP) fertilizers on cultivars Thori and Saif-32 under field conditions. Separation and quantification of fatty acids were done on precise comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC). The results showed that fatty acid profile specifically monounsaturated fatty acids i-e oleic acid (C18:1) was significantly improved by Azospirillum supplemented with the quarter dose of NP fertilizers (SPQ) with concomitant decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids by the respective treatment. Oil quality attributes such as acid value, saponification number, iodine value, refractive index and free fatty acid contents were reduced by the application of Azotobacter and Azospirillum in combination with half and quarter doses of NP fertilizers treatments (BTH, SPH, BTQ and SPQ). The reduction in these variables is positively linked with improved biodiesel yield and quality. It can be concluded that application of Azospirillum and Azotobacter not only reduced the use of NP fertilizers up to 50%-75% but also improved the oil quality in order to obtain environment friendly, sustainable and green fuel.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Azospirillum with quarter-dose NP fertilizer significantly improved safflower oleic acid.
- Taxon
- safflower
Carthamus tinctoriust0 - Treatment
- Azospirillum supplemented with the quarter dose of NP fertilizers (SPQ)e0
- Interactor
- Azospirillum
Azospirillume0symbiont - Outcome
- oleic acid (C18:1)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Setting
- field conditionse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fatty acid profile specifically monounsaturated fatty acids i-e oleic acid (C18:1) was significantly improved by Azospirillum supplemented with the quarter dose of NP fertilizers (SPQ)”
t0“safflower”
e1“under field conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Azospirillum with quarter-dose NP fertilizer decreased safflower polyunsaturated fatty acids.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- Azospirillum supplemented with the quarter dose of NP fertilizers (SPQ)e0
- Interactor
- AzospirillumAzospirillume0symbiont
- Outcome
- polyunsaturated fatty acidse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Azospirillum supplemented with the quarter dose of NP fertilizers (SPQ) with concomitant decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids by the respective treatment.”
t0“safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
BTH reduced safflower acid value, saponification number and iodine value.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- BTHe0
- Interactor
- Azotobacter
Azotobactere0symbiont - Outcome
- acid value, saponification number, iodine valuee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oil quality attributes such as acid value, saponification number, iodine value, refractive index and free fatty acid contents were reduced by the application of Azotobacter and Azospirillum in combination with half and quarter doses of NP fertilizers treatments (BTH, SPH, BTQ and SPQ).”
t0“safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
BTH reduced safflower refractive index and free fatty acid contents.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- BTHe0
- Interactor
- AzotobacterAzotobactere0symbiont
- Outcome
- refractive index and free fatty acid contentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oil quality attributes such as acid value, saponification number, iodine value, refractive index and free fatty acid contents were reduced by the application of Azotobacter and Azospirillum in combination with half and quarter doses of NP fertilizers treatments (BTH, SPH, BTQ and SPQ).”
t0“safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
SPH reduced safflower acid value, saponification number and iodine value.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- SPHe0
- Interactor
- AzospirillumAzospirillume0symbiont
- Outcome
- acid value, saponification number, iodine valuee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oil quality attributes such as acid value, saponification number, iodine value, refractive index and free fatty acid contents were reduced by the application of Azotobacter and Azospirillum in combination with half and quarter doses of NP fertilizers treatments (BTH, SPH, BTQ and SPQ).”
t0“safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
SPH reduced safflower refractive index and free fatty acid contents.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- SPHe0
- Interactor
- AzospirillumAzospirillume0symbiont
- Outcome
- refractive index and free fatty acid contentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oil quality attributes such as acid value, saponification number, iodine value, refractive index and free fatty acid contents were reduced by the application of Azotobacter and Azospirillum in combination with half and quarter doses of NP fertilizers treatments (BTH, SPH, BTQ and SPQ).”
t0“safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
BTQ reduced safflower acid value, saponification number and iodine value.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- BTQe0
- Interactor
- AzotobacterAzotobactere0symbiont
- Outcome
- acid value, saponification number, iodine valuee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oil quality attributes such as acid value, saponification number, iodine value, refractive index and free fatty acid contents were reduced by the application of Azotobacter and Azospirillum in combination with half and quarter doses of NP fertilizers treatments (BTH, SPH, BTQ and SPQ).”
t0“safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
BTQ reduced safflower refractive index and free fatty acid contents.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- BTQe0
- Interactor
- AzotobacterAzotobactere0symbiont
- Outcome
- refractive index and free fatty acid contentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oil quality attributes such as acid value, saponification number, iodine value, refractive index and free fatty acid contents were reduced by the application of Azotobacter and Azospirillum in combination with half and quarter doses of NP fertilizers treatments (BTH, SPH, BTQ and SPQ).”
t0“safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
SPQ reduced safflower acid value, saponification number and iodine value.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- SPQe0
- Interactor
- AzospirillumAzospirillume0symbiont
- Outcome
- acid value, saponification number, iodine valuee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oil quality attributes such as acid value, saponification number, iodine value, refractive index and free fatty acid contents were reduced by the application of Azotobacter and Azospirillum in combination with half and quarter doses of NP fertilizers treatments (BTH, SPH, BTQ and SPQ).”
t0“safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
SPQ reduced safflower refractive index and free fatty acid contents.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- SPQe0
- Interactor
- AzospirillumAzospirillume0symbiont
- Outcome
- refractive index and free fatty acid contentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oil quality attributes such as acid value, saponification number, iodine value, refractive index and free fatty acid contents were reduced by the application of Azotobacter and Azospirillum in combination with half and quarter doses of NP fertilizers treatments (BTH, SPH, BTQ and SPQ).”
t0“safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced oil quality variables were positively linked to improved biodiesel yield and quality.
Not reportedTaxonTreatment
Verbatim
e0“The reduction in these variables is positively linked with improved biodiesel yield and quality.”
Claim · model-written summary
Azospirillum application reduced NP fertilizer use up to 50%-75% while improving safflower oil quality.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- application of Azospirillume0
- Interactor
- AzospirillumAzospirillume0symbiont
- Outcome
- use of NP fertilizerse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 50%-75%e0
- Qualifier
- improved the oil qualitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of Azospirillum and Azotobacter not only reduced the use of NP fertilizers up to 50%-75% but also improved the oil quality”
t0“safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Azotobacter application reduced NP fertilizer use up to 50%-75% while improving safflower oil quality.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- Azotobactere0
- Interactor
- AzotobacterAzotobactere0symbiont
- Outcome
- use of NP fertilizerse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 50%-75%e0
- Qualifier
- improved the oil qualitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of Azospirillum and Azotobacter not only reduced the use of NP fertilizers up to 50%-75% but also improved the oil quality”
t0“safflower”
The same questions in other papers
Azotobacter · molecular: metabolites · Carthamus tinctorius (safflower)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Azospirillum · molecular: metabolites · Carthamus tinctorius (safflower)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
nitrogen · quality: oil · Carthamus tinctorius (safflower)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →fertilization · quality: oil · Carthamus tinctorius (safflower)Positive and negative results
17 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- positive
16 papers more in this group
See all 20 papers →phosphorus · quality: oil · Carthamus tinctorius (safflower)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.