Abstract
Abstract In Mediterranean semi-arid regions major constraints impinging on agricultural development are deficiency of water and nutrient depleted soils. The problem of enhancing crop yield in these areas is widely distinguished as a challenge. In order to evaluate the integrated application of urea fertilizer (0, 160, and 320 kg ha −1 ) and nano-metal oxide (Fe 2 O 3 , ZnO, and CuO) on safflower growth performance, a field experiment was carried out in the Baneh district, a semi-arid region in Western Iran. Urea fertilizer significantly increased the plant height (11%), canopy width (8%), ground cover percentage (6%), plant dry weight (35%), number of secondary branches (16%), seeds number per head (19%), and total seed yield (38%). However, the higher application of urea fertilizer resulted in a significant decrease in wrinkled seed percentage (3.25%), harvest index (2.62%), and thousand seed weight (2.67%). Also, nano-metal oxides significantly affected morphological traits and yield components. Mean comparison revealed that the best performance was obtained by the integrated application of 320 kg urea fertilizer and nano-Fe or nano-Zn. Overall, the present research highlighted the necessity of balanced and integrated application of macronutrients and micronutrient fertilizers for sustainable safflower production in semi-arid regions of Western Iran.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Urea fertilizer significantly increased safflower plant height by 11%.
- Taxon
- safflower
Carthamus tinctoriuse2 - Treatment
- Urea fertilizere1
- Outcome
- plant heighte1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 11%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Urea fertilizer significantly increased the plant height (11%)”
e2“on safflower growth performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea fertilizer significantly increased safflower canopy width by 8%.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse2
- Treatment
- Urea fertilizere1
- Outcome
- canopy widthe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 8%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Urea fertilizer significantly increased the plant height (11%), canopy width (8%)”
e2“on safflower growth performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea fertilizer significantly increased safflower ground cover percentage by 6%.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse2
- Treatment
- Urea fertilizere1
- Outcome
- ground cover percentagee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 6%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Urea fertilizer significantly increased the plant height (11%), canopy width (8%), ground cover percentage (6%)”
e2“on safflower growth performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea fertilizer significantly increased safflower plant dry weight by 35%.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse2
- Treatment
- Urea fertilizere1
- Outcome
- plant dry weighte1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 35%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Urea fertilizer significantly increased the plant height (11%), canopy width (8%), ground cover percentage (6%), plant dry weight (35%)”
e2“on safflower growth performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea fertilizer significantly increased the number of secondary branches of safflower by 16%.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse2
- Treatment
- Urea fertilizere1
- Outcome
- number of secondary branchese1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 16%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Urea fertilizer significantly increased the plant height (11%), canopy width (8%), ground cover percentage (6%), plant dry weight (35%), number of secondary branches (16%)”
e2“on safflower growth performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea fertilizer significantly increased the number of seeds per head of safflower by 19%.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse2
- Treatment
- Urea fertilizere1
- Outcome
- seeds number per heade1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 19%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Urea fertilizer significantly increased the plant height (11%), canopy width (8%), ground cover percentage (6%), plant dry weight (35%), number of secondary branches (16%), seeds number per head (19%)”
e2“on safflower growth performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea fertilizer significantly increased total seed yield of safflower by 38%.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse2
- Treatment
- Urea fertilizere1
- Outcome
- total seed yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 38%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Urea fertilizer significantly increased the plant height (11%), canopy width (8%), ground cover percentage (6%), plant dry weight (35%), number of secondary branches (16%), seeds number per head (19%), and total seed yield (38%)”
e2“on safflower growth performance”
Claim · model-written summary
The higher urea application significantly decreased the wrinkled seed percentage of safflower by 3.25%.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse2
- Treatment
- higher application of urea fertilizere1
- Outcome
- wrinkled seed percentagee1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 3.25%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the higher application of urea fertilizer resulted in a significant decrease in wrinkled seed percentage (3.25%)”
e2“on safflower growth performance”
Claim · model-written summary
The higher urea application significantly decreased the harvest index of safflower by 2.62%.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse2
- Treatment
- higher application of urea fertilizere1
- Outcome
- harvest indexe1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 2.62%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the higher application of urea fertilizer resulted in a significant decrease in wrinkled seed percentage (3.25%), harvest index (2.62%)”
e2“on safflower growth performance”
Claim · model-written summary
The higher urea application significantly decreased the thousand seed weight of safflower by 2.67%.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse2
- Treatment
- higher application of urea fertilizere1
- Outcome
- thousand seed weighte1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 2.67%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the higher application of urea fertilizer resulted in a significant decrease in wrinkled seed percentage (3.25%), harvest index (2.62%), and thousand seed weight (2.67%)”
e2“on safflower growth performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano-metal oxides significantly affected morphological traits and yield components of safflower.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse2
- Treatment
- nano-metal oxidese1
- Outcome
- morphological traits and yield componentse1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Also, nano-metal oxides significantly affected morphological traits and yield components”
e2“on safflower growth performance”
Claim · model-written summary
The integrated application of 320 kg urea fertilizer with nano-Fe or nano-Zn gave the best safflower performance.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse2
- Treatment
- integrated application of 320 kg urea fertilizer and nano-Fe or nano-Zne1
- Outcome
- best performancee1
- Direction
- best performancee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Mean comparison revealed that the best performance was obtained by the integrated application of 320 kg urea fertilizer and nano-Fe or nano-Zn”
e2“on safflower growth performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Balanced and integrated macronutrient and micronutrient fertilizer application is recommended for sustainable safflower production in semi-arid Western Iran.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse1
- Treatment
- balanced and integrated application of macronutrients and micronutrient fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- sustainable safflower productione1
- Setting
- semi-arid regions of Western Irane1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the necessity of balanced and integrated application of macronutrients and micronutrient fertilizers for sustainable safflower production in semi-arid regions of Western Iran”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · yield · Carthamus tinctorius (safflower)Results differ
35 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- negative
37 papers more in this group
See all 41 papers →fertilization · yield · Carthamus tinctorius (safflower)Results differ
70 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
68 papers more in this group
See all 72 papers →nitrogen · growth · Carthamus tinctorius (safflower)Positive and negative results
17 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- positive
16 papers more in this group
See all 20 papers →fertilization · growth · Carthamus tinctorius (safflower)Positive and negative results
33 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- positive
32 papers more in this group
See all 36 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.