Abstract
Purpose: This study was conducted to analyze the utilization efficiencies of electric energy and photosynthetically active radiation of lettuce grown under red LED, blue LED and fluorescent lamps with different photoperiods. Methods: Red LED with peak wavelength of 660 nm and blue LED with peak wavelength of 450 nm were used to analyze the effect of three levels of photoperiod (12/12 h, 16/8 h, 20/4 h) of LED illumination on light utilization efficiency of lettuce grown hydroponically in a closed plant production system (CPPS). Cool-white fluorescent lamps (FL) were used as the control. Photosynthetic photon flux, air temperature and relative humidity in CPPS were maintained at 230 μmol?m?2?s?1, 22/18°C (light/darkness), and 70%, respectively. Electric conductivity and pH were controlled at 1.5-1.8 dS?m?1 and 5.5-6.0,respectively. The light utilization efficiency based on the chemical energy converted by photosynthesis, the accumulated electric energy consumed by artificial lighting sources, and the accumulated photosynthetically active radiation illuminated from artificial lighting sources were calculated. Results: As compared to the control, we found that the accumulated electric energy consumption decreased by 75.6% for red LED and by 70.7% for blue LED. The accumulated photosynthetically active radiation illuminated from red LED and blue LED decreased by 43.8% and 33.5%, respectively, compared with the control. The electric energy utilization efficiency (EEUE) of lettuce at growth stage 2 was 1.29-2.06% for red LED, 0.76-1.53% for blue LED, and 0.25-0.41% for FL. The photosynthetically active radiation utilization efficiency (PARUE) of lettuce was 6.25-9.95% for red LED, 3.75-7.49% for blue LED, and 2.77-4.62% for FL. EEUE and PARUE significantly increased with the increasing light period. Conclusions: From these results, illumination time of 16-20 h in a day was proposed to improve the light utilization efficiency of lettuce grown in a plant factory.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Red LED lighting consumed 75.6% less electric energy than fluorescent control.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativat0 - Treatment
- red LEDe0
- Outcome
- accumulated electric energy consumptione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 75.6%e0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the accumulated electric energy consumption decreased by 75.6% for red LED”
t0“Lettuce”
e1“Cool-white fluorescent lamps (FL) were used as the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue LED lighting consumed 70.7% less electric energy than fluorescent control.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- blue LEDe0
- Outcome
- accumulated electric energy consumptione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 70.7%e0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the accumulated electric energy consumption decreased by 75.6% for red LED and by 70.7% for blue LED”
t0“Lettuce”
e1“Cool-white fluorescent lamps (FL) were used as the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Accumulated photosynthetically active radiation decreased 43.8% under red LED versus control.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- red LEDe0
- Outcome
- accumulated photosynthetically active radiatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 43.8%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The accumulated photosynthetically active radiation illuminated from red LED and blue LED decreased by 43.8% and 33.5%, respectively, compared with the control”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Accumulated photosynthetically active radiation decreased 33.5% under blue LED versus control.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- blue LEDe0
- Outcome
- accumulated photosynthetically active radiatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 33.5%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The accumulated photosynthetically active radiation illuminated from red LED and blue LED decreased by 43.8% and 33.5%, respectively, compared with the control”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
At growth stage 2, lettuce electric energy utilization efficiency was 1.29-2.06% under red LED.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- red LEDe0
- Outcome
- electric energy utilization efficiency (EEUE)e0
- Value
- 1.29-2.06%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The electric energy utilization efficiency (EEUE) of lettuce at growth stage 2 was 1.29-2.06% for red LED”
Claim · model-written summary
At growth stage 2, lettuce electric energy utilization efficiency was 0.76-1.53% under blue LED.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- blue LEDe0
- Outcome
- electric energy utilization efficiency (EEUE)e0
- Value
- 0.76-1.53%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The electric energy utilization efficiency (EEUE) of lettuce at growth stage 2 was 1.29-2.06% for red LED, 0.76-1.53% for blue LED”
Claim · model-written summary
At growth stage 2, lettuce electric energy utilization efficiency was 0.25-0.41% under fluorescent lamps.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- FLe0
- Outcome
- electric energy utilization efficiency (EEUE)e0
- Value
- 0.25-0.41%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The electric energy utilization efficiency (EEUE) of lettuce at growth stage 2 was 1.29-2.06% for red LED, 0.76-1.53% for blue LED, and 0.25-0.41% for FL”
Claim · model-written summary
Lettuce radiation utilization efficiency was 6.25-9.95% under red LED.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- red LEDe0
- Outcome
- photosynthetically active radiation utilization efficiency (PARUE)e0
- Value
- 6.25-9.95%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The photosynthetically active radiation utilization efficiency (PARUE) of lettuce was 6.25-9.95% for red LED”
Claim · model-written summary
Lettuce radiation utilization efficiency was 3.75-7.49% under blue LED.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- blue LEDe0
- Outcome
- photosynthetically active radiation utilization efficiency (PARUE)e0
- Value
- 3.75-7.49%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The photosynthetically active radiation utilization efficiency (PARUE) of lettuce was 6.25-9.95% for red LED, 3.75-7.49% for blue LED”
Claim · model-written summary
Lettuce radiation utilization efficiency was 2.77-4.62% under fluorescent lamps.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- FLe0
- Outcome
- photosynthetically active radiation utilization efficiency (PARUE)e0
- Value
- 2.77-4.62%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The photosynthetically active radiation utilization efficiency (PARUE) of lettuce was 6.25-9.95% for red LED, 3.75-7.49% for blue LED, and 2.77-4.62% for FL”
Claim · model-written summary
Longer light periods significantly increased electric energy utilization efficiency.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- increasing light periode0
- Outcome
- EEUEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“EEUE and PARUE significantly increased with the increasing light period”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Longer light periods significantly increased radiation utilization efficiency.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- increasing light periode0
- Outcome
- PARUEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“EEUE and PARUE significantly increased with the increasing light period”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 16-20 h of daily illumination to improve lettuce light utilization efficiency.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Outcome
- illumination time of 16-20 h in a daye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“illumination time of 16-20 h in a day was proposed to improve the light utilization efficiency of lettuce grown in a plant factory”
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