Abstract
In controlled environment plant production facilities, elevating either light or CO2 levels generally has led to increased biomass and yield due to enhanced canopy photosynthesis. Today, advancements in light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have made this technology a viable option for both supplementary lighting in greenhouses and a sole lighting source in controlled environment chambers. Our study used tomato plants grown under both ambient CO2 (AC) and elevated CO2 (EC) conditions then exposed them to various CO2 and lighting treatments during both whole plant and leaf level measurements. Plants grown under EC reached the first flower developmental stage 8 days sooner and were approximately 15cm taller than those grown under AC. However, under AC plants had more leaf area while their dry weights were similar. Of note, under EC chlorophyll a and b were lower, as were carotenoids per unit leaf area. Whole plant analyses, under all CO2 challenges, showed that plants exposed to high-pressure sodium (HPS), red-blue LED, and red-white LED had similar photosynthesis, respiration, and daily carbon gain. Under different light qualities, day-time transpiration rates were similar among CO2 conditions. Day-time water-use efficiency (WUE) was higher in plants grown and exposed to EC. Similarly, WUE of plants grown under AC but exposed to short-term elevated CO2 conditions was higher than those grown and tested under AC during all light treatments. Under all CO2 conditions, plants exposed to red-white and red-blue LEDs had lower WUE than those exposed to HPS lighting. Assessing alterations due to CO2 and light quality on a whole plant basis, not merely on an individual leaf basis, furthers our understanding of the interactions between these two parameters during controlled environment production. Principle component analyses of both whole plant and leaf data indicates that increasing CO2 supply has a more dramatic effect on photosynthesis and WUE than on transpiration.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 advanced first flowering by 8 days relative to ambient CO2.
- Taxon
- tomatoes
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Organ / stage
- first flower developmental stagee0
- Treatment
- ECe0
- Outcome
- first flower developmental stagee0
- Direction
- soonere0
- Value
- 8 dayse0
- Comparator
- ACe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomatoes”
e0“Plants grown under EC reached the first flower developmental stage 8 days sooner and were approximately 15cm taller than those grown under AC.”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 plants were about 15 cm taller than ambient CO2 plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ECe0
- Outcome
- tallere0
- Direction
- tallere0
- Value
- 15cme0
- Comparator
- ACe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomatoes”
e0“Plants grown under EC reached the first flower developmental stage 8 days sooner and were approximately 15cm taller than those grown under AC.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ambient CO2 plants had more leaf area than elevated CO2 plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ACe0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- moree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomatoes”
e0“However, under AC plants had more leaf area while their dry weights were similar.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry weights were similar under ambient and elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ACe0
- Outcome
- dry weightse0
- Direction
- similare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomatoes”
e0“However, under AC plants had more leaf area while their dry weights were similar.”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 reduced chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids per unit leaf area.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ECe0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a and be0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomatoes”
e0“under EC chlorophyll a and b were lower, as were carotenoids per unit leaf area.”
Claim · model-written summary
Carotenoids per unit leaf area were lower under elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ECe0
- Outcome
- carotenoids per unit leaf areae0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomatoes”
e0“under EC chlorophyll a and b were lower, as were carotenoids per unit leaf area.”
Claim · model-written summary
HPS, red-blue LED and red-white LED produced similar whole-plant photosynthesis, respiration and daily carbon gain across CO2 challenges.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- red-blue LEDe0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis, respiration, and daily carbon gaine0
- Direction
- similare0
- Qualifier
- under all CO2 challengese0
- Comparator
- high-pressure sodium (HPS)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomatoes”
e0“under all CO2 challenges, showed that plants exposed to high-pressure sodium (HPS), red-blue LED, and red-white LED had similar photosynthesis, respiration, and daily carbon gain.”
Claim · model-written summary
Daytime transpiration rates were similar among CO2 conditions across light qualities.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- CO2 conditionse0
- Outcome
- day-time transpiration ratese0
- Direction
- similare0
- Qualifier
- Under different light qualitiese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomatoes”
e0“Under different light qualities, day-time transpiration rates were similar among CO2 conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Plants grown and exposed to elevated CO2 had higher daytime water-use efficiency.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ECe0
- Outcome
- Day-time water-use efficiency (WUE)e0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomatoes”
e0“Day-time water-use efficiency (WUE) was higher in plants grown and exposed to EC.”
Claim · model-written summary
Short-term elevated CO2 exposure raised WUE in ambient-grown plants relative to ambient-grown and tested plants under all lights.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- short-term elevated CO2 conditionse0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- during all light treatmentse0
- Comparator
- those grown and tested under ACe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomatoes”
e0“WUE of plants grown under AC but exposed to short-term elevated CO2 conditions was higher than those grown and tested under AC during all light treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Red-white and red-blue LEDs gave lower WUE than HPS lighting under all CO2 conditions.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- red-white and red-blue LEDse0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- Under all CO2 conditionse0
- Comparator
- HPS lightinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomatoes”
e0“Under all CO2 conditions, plants exposed to red-white and red-blue LEDs had lower WUE than those exposed to HPS lighting.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing CO2 supply had a stronger effect on photosynthesis and WUE than on transpiration in principal component analyses.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- increasing CO2 supplye0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis and WUEe0
- Direction
- more dramatice0
- Comparator
- transpiratione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomatoes”
e0“Principle component analyses of both whole plant and leaf data indicates that increasing CO2 supply has a more dramatic effect on photosynthesis and WUE than on transpiration.”
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