Abstract
Core Ideas Enhanced‐efficiency fertilizers reduced N 2 O compared with anhydrous ammonia in two of three years. SuperU reduced both area‐ and yield‐scaled N 2 O emissions in two of three years. Soil inorganic N concentrations were not correlated with daily N 2 O fluxes. Fertilizers ESN, SuperU, and UAN + nitrapyrin did not increase yield or grain N recovery efficiency. Balancing efforts to mitigate nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions from crop production while increasing grain yields is an important challenge for agriculture. The objectives of this study were to assess N 2 O emissions, soil inorganic nitrogen (N) concentrations, grain yield, and grain N content for three enhanced‐efficiency nitrogen fertilizers (EENFs) compared with anhydrous ammonia in a rainfed corn system in Illinois over 3 yr (2015–2017). Treatments included a control (check) and four N sources applied at 202 kg N ha −1 : injected anhydrous ammonia, stabilized urea containing urease and nitrification inhibitors (SuperU, Agrotain International), polymer‐coated urea (ESN, Agrium Advanced Technologies), and injected urea‐ammonium nitrate (UAN) + nitrapyrin. Significant reductions in N 2 O emissions were observed for several EENFs compared with anhydrous ammonia, but results were not consistent across treatments and years. SuperU reduced area‐ and yield‐scaled N 2 O emissions in two of three study years compared with anhydrous ammonia, while ESN had no N 2 O mitigation benefit. Injected UAN + nitrapyrin had the highest emissions in the first year but significantly decreased emissions in the second 2 yr. No treatment significantly improved yield or grain N content compared with anhydrous ammonia. In light of efforts to broadly promote EENFs in the US Midwest, these results demonstrate there is some promise for N 2 O mitigation, but the lack of clear crop productivity benefits combined with inconsistent N 2 O mitigation effects do not support the conclusion that EENFs inherently improve agronomic and environmental outcomes.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
SuperU: N 2 O emissions reduced.
- Treatment
- SuperUe0
- Outcome
- N 2 O emissionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- two of three study yearse0
- Comparator
- anhydrous ammoniae0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SuperU reduced area‐ and yield‐scaled N 2 O emissions in two of three study years compared with anhydrous ammonia, while ESN had no N 2 O mitigation benefit.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
SuperU: yield‐scaled N 2 O emissions reduced.
- Treatment
- SuperUe0
- Outcome
- yield‐scaled N 2 O emissionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- two of three study yearse0
- Comparator
- anhydrous ammoniae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SuperU reduced area‐ and yield‐scaled N 2 O emissions in two of three study years compared with anhydrous ammonia, while ESN had no N 2 O mitigation benefit.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
ESN: N 2 O mitigation benefit no.
- Treatment
- ESNe0
- Outcome
- N 2 O mitigation benefite0
- Direction
- noe0
- Qualifier
- no N 2 O mitigation benefite0
- Comparator
- anhydrous ammoniae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SuperU reduced area‐ and yield‐scaled N 2 O emissions in two of three study years compared with anhydrous ammonia, while ESN had no N 2 O mitigation benefit.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Injected UAN + nitrapyrin: emissions highest.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Injected UAN + nitrapyrin had the highest emissions in the first year but significantly decreased emissions in the second 2 yr.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Injected UAN + nitrapyrin: emissions decreased.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Injected UAN + nitrapyrin had the highest emissions in the first year but significantly decreased emissions in the second 2 yr.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
treatment: yield No treatment significantly improved.
- Treatment
- treatmente0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- No treatment significantly improvede0
- Comparator
- anhydrous ammoniae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No treatment significantly improved yield or grain N content compared with anhydrous ammonia.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
treatment: grain N content No treatment significantly improved.
- Treatment
- treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain N contente0
- Direction
- No treatment significantly improvede0
- Comparator
- anhydrous ammoniae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No treatment significantly improved yield or grain N content compared with anhydrous ammonia.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil inorganic N concentrations were not correlated with daily N2O fluxes.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil inorganic N concentrations were not correlated with daily N 2 O fluxes.”
t0“Maize”
The same questions in other papers
urea ammonium nitrate · environment: emissions · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- negative
- no effect
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →nitrapyrin · environment: emissions · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.