Abstract
Core Ideas Streaming urea ammonium nitrate resulted in 11% lower corn yields compared to injected urea ammonium nitrate. Ammonia volatilization (NH 3 ) begins immediately after application for streaming urea ammonium nitrate. In 2015–2016, NH 3 loss was 3.6 fold greater for streaming urea ammonium nitrate compared to injected urea ammonium nitrate. Urease and nitrification inhibitors did not increase corn yields with streaming urea ammonium nitrate. Streaming urea ammonium nitrate with a urease inhibitor increased N 2 O emissions by 18.7%. Surface streaming urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) into corn ( Zea mays L.) at side‐dress (v4–v6) or later in the season (v12–v14) is an emerging N fertilizer application method as it is rapid, reduces soil disturbance, and allows for flexible application times. In 2013 and 2014, side‐dress N application (130 kg N ha −1 ) using three streaming UAN sources was evaluated for their ability to maintain grain yield, reduce ammonia (NH 3 ) volatilization, and mitigate nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions. The products included streaming of urea ammonium nitrate (StrUAN), urea ammonium nitrate with a urease inhibitor (StrUAN‐UI), urea ammonium nitrate with urease inhibitor plus nitrification inhibitor (StrUAN‐UI+NI), and a control (no N). The efficacy of streaming relative to traditional shallow‐injected urea ammonium nitrate (InjUAN) was also assessed. Delayed NH 3 sampling related to wind‐tunnel installation in 2013 and 2014 led to additional NH 3 measurements in 2015 and 2016. Average yields from StrUAN were 11% lower relative to InjUAN. The use of inhibitors did not improve yields relative to StrUAN. Ammonia volatilization was not significantly different between StrUAN and InjUAN losing 14 and 20% of applied N (2‐yr average), respectively. However in 2015 and 2016, NH 3 volatilization from StrUAN was 3.6‐fold greater than InjUAN when measurements were started immediately after application. Hence lower yields in 2013 and 2014 from StrUAN likely reflect N loss to rapid volatilization during or shortly after application. The StrUAN‐UI treatment increased 2‐yr average N 2 O emissions by 17.3 to 18.7% relative to StrUAN or StrUAN‐UI+NI. For humid‐temperate clay loam soil, UAN streaming with/without inhibitors was not effective for maintaining yields or reducing NH 3 volatilization.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Streamed UAN yielded 11% less corn than injected UAN.
- Taxon
- Corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Treatment
- StrUANe0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 11%e0
- Comparator
- InjUANe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Average yields from StrUAN were 11% lower relative to InjUAN”
t0“Corn Yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Inhibitors did not improve yields relative to streamed UAN.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- inhibitorse0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- did not improvee0
- Comparator
- StrUANe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The use of inhibitors did not improve yields relative to StrUAN”
t0“Corn Yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonia volatilization did not differ significantly between streamed and injected UAN in the two-year average.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- StrUANe0
- Outcome
- Ammonia volatilizatione0
- Direction
- not significantly differente0
- Value
- 14 and 20% of applied Ne0
- Comparator
- InjUANe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ammonia volatilization was not significantly different between StrUAN and InjUAN losing 14 and 20% of applied N (2‐yr average), respectively”
t0“Corn Yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Immediate sampling in 2015–2016 found 3.6-fold more ammonia volatilization from streamed than injected UAN.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- StrUANe0
- Outcome
- NH 3 volatilizatione0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 3.6‐folde0
- Qualifier
- when measurements were started immediately after applicatione0
- Comparator
- InjUANe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in 2015 and 2016, NH 3 volatilization from StrUAN was 3.6‐fold greater than InjUAN when measurements were started immediately after application”
t0“Corn Yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Streamed UAN with urease inhibitor increased nitrous oxide emissions relative to streamed UAN.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- StrUAN‐UIe0
- Outcome
- N 2 O emissionse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17.3 to 18.7%e0
- Comparator
- StrUANe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The StrUAN‐UI treatment increased 2‐yr average N 2 O emissions by 17.3 to 18.7% relative to StrUAN or StrUAN‐UI+NI”
t0“Corn Yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Streamed UAN with urease inhibitor increased nitrous oxide emissions relative to streamed UAN with both inhibitors.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- StrUAN‐UIe0
- Outcome
- N 2 O emissionse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17.3 to 18.7%e0
- Comparator
- StrUAN‐UI+NIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The StrUAN‐UI treatment increased 2‐yr average N 2 O emissions by 17.3 to 18.7% relative to StrUAN or StrUAN‐UI+NI”
t0“Corn Yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Rapid volatilization was proposed to explain the lower streamed UAN yields in 2013–2014.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- StrUANe0
- Outcome
- lower yieldse0
- Qualifier
- N loss to rapid volatilization during or shortly after applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower yields in 2013 and 2014 from StrUAN likely reflect N loss to rapid volatilization during or shortly after application”
t0“Corn Yields”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude UAN streaming with or without inhibitors was ineffective for yield maintenance or ammonia reduction on humid-temperate clay loam.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- UAN streaming with/without inhibitors was not effective for maintaining yields or reducing NH 3 volatilizatione0
- Setting
- humid‐temperate clay loam soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For humid‐temperate clay loam soil, UAN streaming with/without inhibitors was not effective for maintaining yields or reducing NH 3 volatilization”
t0“Corn Yields”
The same questions in other papers
urea ammonium nitrate · environment: emissions · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 5 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
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See all 7 papers →urea ammonium nitrate · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 18 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
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See all 25 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.