Abstract
Less than 50% of applied nitrogen (N) fertilizer is typically recovered by corn ( Zea mays L.) due to climatic constraints, soil degradation, overapplication, and losses to air and water. Two application methods, two N sources, and two inhibitors were evaluated to reduce N losses and enhance crop uptake. The treatments included broadcast urea (BrUrea), BrUrea with a urease inhibitor (BrUrea+UI), BrUrea with a urease and a nitrification inhibitor (BrUrea+UI+NI), injection of urea ammonium nitrate (InjUAN), and injected with one or both inhibitors (InjUAN+UI, InjUAN+UI+NI), and a control. The BrUrea treatment lost 50% (64.4 kg N ha −1 ) of the applied N due to ammonia volatilization, but losses were reduced by 64% with BrUrea+UI+NI (23.0 kg N ha −1 ) and by 60% with InjUAN (26.1 kg N ha −1 ). Ammonia losses were lower and crop yields were greater in 2014 than 2013 as a result of the more favorable weather when N was applied in 2014. When ammonia volatilization was reduced by adding a urease inhibitor, N 2 O emissions were increased by 30 to 31% with BrUrea+UI and InjUAN+UI compared with BrUrea and InjUAN, respectively. Pollution swapping was avoided when both inhibitors were used (BrUrea+UI+NI, InjUAN+UI+NI) as both ammonia volatilization and N 2 O emissions were reduced, and corn grain yields increased by 5% with BrUrea+UI+NI and by 7% with InjUAN+UI+NI compared with BrUrea and InjUAN, respectively. The combination of two N management strategies (InjUAN+UI+NI) increased yields by 19% (12.9 t ha −1 ) compared with BrUrea (10.8 t ha −1 ). Core Ideas Ammonia volatilization resulted in 50% loss of applied urea over 2 yr. When urease inhibitors were added with urea, ammonia volatilization was reduced by 64%. Injection of UAN reduced ammonia volatilization by 60% compared with broadcast urea. N 2 O emissions were increased by 30 to 31% when urease inhibitors were applied. Pollution swapping was avoided when both urease and nitrification inhibitors were used.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Broadcast urea lost half its applied nitrogen as ammonia.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse1 - Treatment
- BrUreae0
- Outcome
- applied N due to ammonia volatilizatione0
- Direction
- loste0
- Value
- 50%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The BrUrea treatment lost 50% (64.4 kg N ha −1 ) of the applied N due to ammonia volatilization”
e1“corn ( Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
BrUrea with both inhibitors reduced ammonia loss by 64% relative to BrUrea.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse2
- Treatment
- BrUrea+UI+NIe0
- Outcome
- lossese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 64%e0
- Comparator
- BrUreae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“losses were reduced by 64% with BrUrea+UI+NI (23.0 kg N ha −1 )”
e1“The BrUrea treatment lost 50% (64.4 kg N ha −1 ) of the applied N due to ammonia volatilization”
e2“corn ( Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Injected UAN reduced ammonia loss by 60% relative to broadcast urea.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse2
- Treatment
- InjUANe0
- Outcome
- ammonia volatilizatione3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- 60%e3
- Comparator
- broadcast ureae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by 60% with InjUAN (26.1 kg N ha −1 )”
e1“The BrUrea treatment lost 50% (64.4 kg N ha −1 ) of the applied N due to ammonia volatilization”
e2“corn ( Zea mays L.)”
e3“Injection of UAN reduced ammonia volatilization by 60% compared with broadcast urea”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonia losses were lower in 2014 than 2013.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ammonia losses were lower and crop yields were greater in 2014 than 2013”
e1“corn ( Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop yields were greater in 2014 than 2013.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ammonia losses were lower and crop yields were greater in 2014 than 2013”
e1“corn ( Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
BrUrea with urease inhibitor raised nitrous oxide emissions by 30 to 31%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- BrUrea+UIe0
- Outcome
- N 2 O emissionse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 30 to 31%e0
- Comparator
- BrUreae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N 2 O emissions were increased by 30 to 31% with BrUrea+UI and InjUAN+UI compared with BrUrea and InjUAN, respectively”
e1“corn ( Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Injected UAN with urease inhibitor raised nitrous oxide emissions by 30 to 31%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- InjUAN+UIe0
- Outcome
- N 2 O emissionse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 30 to 31%e0
- Comparator
- InjUANe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N 2 O emissions were increased by 30 to 31% with BrUrea+UI and InjUAN+UI compared with BrUrea and InjUAN, respectively”
e1“corn ( Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Both inhibitors reduced ammonia volatilization with broadcast urea.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse2
- Treatment
- BrUrea+UI+NIe1
- Outcome
- ammonia volatilizatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both ammonia volatilization and N 2 O emissions were reduced”
e1“both inhibitors were used (BrUrea+UI+NI, InjUAN+UI+NI)”
e2“corn ( Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Both inhibitors reduced nitrous oxide emissions with broadcast urea.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse2
- Treatment
- BrUrea+UI+NIe1
- Outcome
- N 2 O emissionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both ammonia volatilization and N 2 O emissions were reduced”
e1“both inhibitors were used (BrUrea+UI+NI, InjUAN+UI+NI)”
e2“corn ( Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Both inhibitors reduced ammonia volatilization with injected UAN.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse2
- Treatment
- InjUAN+UI+NIe1
- Outcome
- ammonia volatilizatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both ammonia volatilization and N 2 O emissions were reduced”
e1“both inhibitors were used (BrUrea+UI+NI, InjUAN+UI+NI)”
e2“corn ( Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Both inhibitors reduced nitrous oxide emissions with injected UAN.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse2
- Treatment
- InjUAN+UI+NIe1
- Outcome
- N 2 O emissionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both ammonia volatilization and N 2 O emissions were reduced”
e1“both inhibitors were used (BrUrea+UI+NI, InjUAN+UI+NI)”
e2“corn ( Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
BrUrea with both inhibitors raised corn grain yield by 5%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- BrUrea+UI+NIe0
- Outcome
- corn grain yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5%e0
- Comparator
- BrUreae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“corn grain yields increased by 5% with BrUrea+UI+NI and by 7% with InjUAN+UI+NI compared with BrUrea and InjUAN, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Injected UAN with both inhibitors raised corn grain yield by 7%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- InjUAN+UI+NIe0
- Outcome
- corn grain yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7%e0
- Comparator
- InjUANe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“corn grain yields increased by 5% with BrUrea+UI+NI and by 7% with InjUAN+UI+NI compared with BrUrea and InjUAN, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Injected UAN with both inhibitors raised yield by 19% relative to broadcast urea.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- InjUAN+UI+NIe0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 19%e0
- Qualifier
- 10.8 t ha −1e0
- Comparator
- BrUreae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“InjUAN+UI+NI) increased yields by 19% (12.9 t ha −1 ) compared with BrUrea (10.8 t ha −1 )”
e1“corn ( Zea mays L.)”
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