Abstract
Core Ideas The mixed treatment increased rice grain yield, recovery efficiency of N, and net profit to different extents in two rice cropping systems. No significant differences in agronomic performance between urea formaldehyde and common urea. Urea formaldehyde provides little economic benefit to rice production. This study investigated the agronomic and economic efficiency of urea formaldehyde (UF) and a mixture of controlled‐release and common urea (CU) in rice ( Oryza sativa L.) production. Two 3‐yr field experiments were conducted in Jinhua, China, via four treatments: no N fertilization, split applications of CU, a single UF application, and a mixed treatment comprising a polymer coating of sulfur‐coated urea (PSCU) and CU. The mixed treatment led to significantly higher grain yields by 4.7 to 12.2 and 5.7 to 8.9% for late and single rice, respectively, than those in the CU treatment. The UF treatment had small to nonsignificant improvements (0.2–2.3% for late rice; 1.7–4.3% for single rice) in grain yield relative to the CU treatment. The recovery efficiency of N (REN) in the mixed treatment was enhanced by 4.8 to 32.9% in early rice, 29.2 to 67.6% in late rice, and 13.1 to 21.2% in single rice. The mixed treatment resulted in significantly higher soil NH 4 + –N concentrations during the tillering to heading stage for both cropping systems. The net profit was US$111 to 257 ha −1 higher than under the CU treatment. However, a single application of UF did not substantially increase net profit (US$17–47 ha −1 ) in early rice and single rice and decreased the profit (US$17 ha −1 ) in late rice, relative to the CU treatment. Overall, the mixture of PSCU and CU could be a promising alternative as a controlled‐release N fertilizer for sustainable increases in rice grain yield, REN, and net profit.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Mixed fertilizer increased late rice grain yield versus CU by 4.7 to 12.2%.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- mixed treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 4.7 to 12.2e0
- Qualifier
- latee0
- Comparator
- CU treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mixed treatment led to significantly higher grain yields by 4.7 to 12.2 and 5.7 to 8.9% for late and single rice, respectively, than those in the CU treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixed fertilizer increased single rice grain yield versus CU by 5.7 to 8.9%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- mixed treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 5.7 to 8.9%e0
- Qualifier
- single ricee0
- Comparator
- CU treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mixed treatment led to significantly higher grain yields by 4.7 to 12.2 and 5.7 to 8.9% for late and single rice, respectively, than those in the CU treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
UF gave small to nonsignificant late rice grain yield improvement versus CU.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- UF treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- improvementse0
- Value
- 0.2–2.3%e0
- Qualifier
- late ricee0
- Comparator
- CU treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The UF treatment had small to nonsignificant improvements (0.2–2.3% for late rice; 1.7–4.3% for single rice) in grain yield relative to the CU treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
UF gave small to nonsignificant single rice grain yield improvement versus CU.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- UF treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- improvementse0
- Value
- 1.7–4.3%e0
- Qualifier
- single ricee0
- Comparator
- CU treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The UF treatment had small to nonsignificant improvements (0.2–2.3% for late rice; 1.7–4.3% for single rice) in grain yield relative to the CU treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixed treatment enhanced early rice nitrogen recovery by 4.8 to 32.9%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- mixed treatmente0
- Outcome
- recovery efficiency of N (REN)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 4.8 to 32.9%e0
- Qualifier
- early ricee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The recovery efficiency of N (REN) in the mixed treatment was enhanced by 4.8 to 32.9% in early rice, 29.2 to 67.6% in late rice, and 13.1 to 21.2% in single rice.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixed treatment enhanced late rice nitrogen recovery by 29.2 to 67.6%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- mixed treatmente0
- Outcome
- recovery efficiency of N (REN)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 29.2 to 67.6%e0
- Qualifier
- late ricee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The recovery efficiency of N (REN) in the mixed treatment was enhanced by 4.8 to 32.9% in early rice, 29.2 to 67.6% in late rice, and 13.1 to 21.2% in single rice.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixed treatment enhanced single rice nitrogen recovery by 13.1 to 21.2%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- mixed treatmente0
- Outcome
- recovery efficiency of N (REN)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 13.1 to 21.2%e0
- Qualifier
- single ricee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The recovery efficiency of N (REN) in the mixed treatment was enhanced by 4.8 to 32.9% in early rice, 29.2 to 67.6% in late rice, and 13.1 to 21.2% in single rice.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixed treatment significantly raised soil ammonium nitrogen at tillering to heading.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- mixed treatmente0
- Outcome
- soil NH 4 + –N concentrationse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- during the tillering to heading stage for both cropping systemse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mixed treatment resulted in significantly higher soil NH 4 + –N concentrations during the tillering to heading stage for both cropping systems.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixed treatment raised net profit by US$111 to 257 per hectare versus CU.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- net profite0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- US$111 to 257 ha −1e0
- Comparator
- CU treatmente0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The net profit was US$111 to 257 ha −1 higher than under the CU treatment.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
UF increased early rice net profit by US$17–47 per hectare, without a substantial gain.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- single application of UFe0
- Outcome
- net profite0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- US$17–47 ha −1e0
- Qualifier
- early ricee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a single application of UF did not substantially increase net profit (US$17–47 ha −1 ) in early rice and single rice”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
UF increased single rice net profit by US$17–47 per hectare, without a substantial gain.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- single application of UFe0
- Outcome
- net profite0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- US$17–47 ha −1e0
- Qualifier
- single ricee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a single application of UF did not substantially increase net profit (US$17–47 ha −1 ) in early rice and single rice”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
UF decreased late rice profit by US$17 per hectare versus CU.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- profite0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- US$17 ha −1e0
- Qualifier
- late ricee0
- Comparator
- CU treatmente0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased the profit (US$17 ha −1 ) in late rice, relative to the CU treatment.”
t0“Rice”
The same questions in other papers
formaldehyde · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
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- positive
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nitrogen · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
1,802 papers in the same direction as this paper · 193 in the opposite direction · 49 reporting no difference from an alternative
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See all 2,045 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.