Abstract
ABSTRACT Combined use of controlled‐release urea and conventional urea (CCU) is considered a practical strategy to simultaneously achieve the dual benefits of crop yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). However, the overall impact of CCU on rice production is not well understood. A meta‐analysis was conducted to determine the effect of CCU on rice yield and NUE in China. The results revealed that CCU increased rice yield by 6.22% and NUE by 16.5% compared with conventional urea. Significant yield and NUE gains from CCU were evident only when the ratio of controlled‐release urea to total nitrogen input reached 0.6 or above. Rice yield and NUE were increased simultaneously at nitrogen rates ranging from 150 to 225 kg ha −1 , with no significant improvement in grain yield and NUE with nitrogen supply beyond 290 and 327 kg ha −1 , respectively. In addition, rice yield and NUE were significantly greater with split rather than single application of CCU. Also, rice yield and NUE were increased when mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP) and soil available nitrogen (AN) were more than 10°C, 800 mm, and 50 mg kg −1 , respectively. Soil pH and organic matter content were significant determinants of rice yield and NUE gains with CCU. Our findings clearly demonstrate that the combined use of controlled‐release urea and conventional urea will deliver significant gains in rice yield and NUE and that it should be proposed as an effective measure for sustainable rice production.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Combined urea increased rice yield by 6.22% versus conventional urea.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- CCUe0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6.22%e0
- Comparator
- conventional ureae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results revealed that CCU increased rice yield by 6.22% and NUE by 16.5% compared with conventional urea.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined urea increased nitrogen use efficiency by 16.5% versus conventional urea.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CCUe0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16.5%e0
- Comparator
- conventional ureae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results revealed that CCU increased rice yield by 6.22% and NUE by 16.5% compared with conventional urea.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Significant rice yield gains required a controlled-release urea fraction of at least 0.6.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant yield and NUE gains from CCU were evident only when the ratio of controlled‐release urea to total nitrogen input reached 0.6 or above.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Significant nitrogen use efficiency gains required a controlled-release urea fraction of at least 0.6.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant yield and NUE gains from CCU were evident only when the ratio of controlled‐release urea to total nitrogen input reached 0.6 or above.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield increased at nitrogen rates of 150 to 225 kg ha −1.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- nitrogen rates ranging from 150 to 225 kg ha −1e0
- Outcome
- Rice yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 150 to 225 kg ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice yield and NUE were increased simultaneously at nitrogen rates ranging from 150 to 225 kg ha −1 , with no significant improvement in grain yield and NUE with nitrogen supply beyond 290 and 327 kg ha −1 , respectively.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen use efficiency increased at nitrogen rates of 150 to 225 kg ha −1.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- nitrogen rates ranging from 150 to 225 kg ha −1e0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 150 to 225 kg ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice yield and NUE were increased simultaneously at nitrogen rates ranging from 150 to 225 kg ha −1 , with no significant improvement in grain yield and NUE with nitrogen supply beyond 290 and 327 kg ha −1 , respectively.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield showed no significant improvement beyond 290 kg ha −1 nitrogen.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- nitrogen supply beyond 290e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- no significant improvemente0
- Value
- 290e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice yield and NUE were increased simultaneously at nitrogen rates ranging from 150 to 225 kg ha −1 , with no significant improvement in grain yield and NUE with nitrogen supply beyond 290 and 327 kg ha −1 , respectively.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen use efficiency showed no significant improvement beyond 327 kg ha −1 nitrogen.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- nitrogen supply beyond 290 and 327 kg ha −1e0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- no significant improvemente0
- Value
- 327 kg ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice yield and NUE were increased simultaneously at nitrogen rates ranging from 150 to 225 kg ha −1 , with no significant improvement in grain yield and NUE with nitrogen supply beyond 290 and 327 kg ha −1 , respectively.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Split combined-urea application gave significantly greater rice yield than single application.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- splite0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- single application of CCUe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In addition, rice yield and NUE were significantly greater with split rather than single application of CCU.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Split combined-urea application gave significantly greater nitrogen use efficiency than single application.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- splite0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- single application of CCUe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In addition, rice yield and NUE were significantly greater with split rather than single application of CCU.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield increased where mean annual temperature exceeded 10°C.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10°Ce0
- Setting
- mean annual temperature (MAT)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Also, rice yield and NUE were increased when mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP) and soil available nitrogen (AN) were more than 10°C, 800 mm, and 50 mg kg −1 , respectively.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield increased where mean annual precipitation exceeded 800 mm.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 800 mme0
- Setting
- mean annual precipitation (MAP)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Also, rice yield and NUE were increased when mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP) and soil available nitrogen (AN) were more than 10°C, 800 mm, and 50 mg kg −1 , respectively.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield increased where soil available nitrogen exceeded 50 mg kg −1.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 50 mg kg −1e0
- Setting
- soil available nitrogen (AN)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Also, rice yield and NUE were increased when mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP) and soil available nitrogen (AN) were more than 10°C, 800 mm, and 50 mg kg −1 , respectively.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen use efficiency increased under the reported temperature, precipitation and soil nitrogen thresholds.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP) and soil available nitrogen (AN)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Also, rice yield and NUE were increased when mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP) and soil available nitrogen (AN) were more than 10°C, 800 mm, and 50 mg kg −1 , respectively.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil pH and organic matter significantly determined rice yield gains with combined urea.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CCUe0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Setting
- Soil pH and organic matter contente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil pH and organic matter content were significant determinants of rice yield and NUE gains with CCU.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil pH and organic matter significantly determined nitrogen use efficiency gains with combined urea.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CCUe0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Setting
- Soil pH and organic matter contente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil pH and organic matter content were significant determinants of rice yield and NUE gains with CCU.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose combined controlled-release and conventional urea for sustainable rice production.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- effective measure for sustainable rice productione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combined use of controlled‐release urea and conventional urea will deliver significant gains in rice yield and NUE and that it should be proposed as an effective measure for sustainable rice production.”
t0“Rice”
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