Abstract
More than 20% of irrigated land has been influenced by salt stress, decreasing crop production. In this research, we investigated the effect of different levels of salinity (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl) and the efficiency of Piriformospora indica on growth, biochemical traits, antioxidative defense system in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.). NaCl stress reduced chlorophyll content, height and biomass of plants. Higher level of salinity (150 mM) declined the plant height by 22.65%, total dry weight by 56.44% and total chlorophyll by 44.34%, however, P. indica inoculation raised plant height by 43.47%, dry weight by 69.23% and total chlorophyll content by 48.09%. Salinity stress increased H 2 O 2 , malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide anion and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) level in leaves and roots tomato seedlings. However, P. indica inoculation reduced H 2 O 2 , MDA and superoxide anion and enhanced DPPH compared to non-inoculated plants at all NaCl levels. The total phenol and flavonoids increased with NaCl treatment. On the other hand, the total phenolic and flavonoid increased more in P. indica inoculated plants compared to non-inoculated ones. Moreover, inoculation of P. indica implicated noteworthy improvement of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), and glutathione reductase (GR) activity in tomato upon salinity. Notably, colonization with P. indica significantly improved the content of reduced ascorbic acid (AsA), glutathione (GSH) and redox ratio in the tomato plants under salinity resulting in reduced redox state. Our findings confirmed that salinity had negative effect on tomato seedling; however, P. indica inoculation increased tolerance to salinity by improving the content of phenolic compounds, non-enzymatic antioxidants, and increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced tomato chlorophyll, height and biomass.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- NaCl stresse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content, height and biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NaCl stress reduced chlorophyll content, height and biomass of plants.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
At 150 mM salinity, plant height fell by 22.65%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- salinity (150 mM)e0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 22.65%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher level of salinity (150 mM) declined the plant height by 22.65%, total dry weight by 56.44% and total chlorophyll by 44.34%”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
At 150 mM salinity, dry weight fell by 56.44%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- salinity (150 mM)e0
- Outcome
- total dry weighte0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 56.44%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher level of salinity (150 mM) declined the plant height by 22.65%, total dry weight by 56.44% and total chlorophyll by 44.34%”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
At 150 mM salinity, chlorophyll fell by 44.34%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- salinity (150 mM)e0
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 44.34%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher level of salinity (150 mM) declined the plant height by 22.65%, total dry weight by 56.44% and total chlorophyll by 44.34%”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
P. indica inoculation raised plant height by 43.47%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- P. indica inoculatione0
- Interactor
- P. indicaSerendipita indicae0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- raisede0
- Value
- 43.47%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. indica inoculation raised plant height by 43.47%, dry weight by 69.23% and total chlorophyll content by 48.09%.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
P. indica inoculation raised dry weight by 69.23%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- P. indica inoculatione0
- Interactor
- P. indicaSerendipita indicae0symbiont
- Outcome
- dry weighte0
- Direction
- raisede0
- Value
- 69.23%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. indica inoculation raised plant height by 43.47%, dry weight by 69.23% and total chlorophyll content by 48.09%.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
P. indica inoculation raised chlorophyll by 48.09%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- P. indica inoculatione0
- Interactor
- P. indicaSerendipita indicae0symbiont
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- raisede0
- Value
- 48.09%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. indica inoculation raised plant height by 43.47%, dry weight by 69.23% and total chlorophyll content by 48.09%.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased leaf and root H 2 O 2, MDA and superoxide anion.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- leaves and rootse0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2 , malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide anione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress increased H 2 O 2 , malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide anion and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) level in leaves and roots tomato seedlings.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased DPPH level in seedling leaves and roots.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- leaves and rootse0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) levele0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress increased H 2 O 2 , malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide anion and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) level in leaves and roots tomato seedlings.”
Claim · model-written summary
P. indica reduced H 2 O 2, MDA and superoxide anion versus non-inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- P. indica inoculatione0
- Interactor
- P. indicaSerendipita indicae0symbiont
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2 , MDA and superoxide anione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- at all NaCl levelse0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. indica inoculation reduced H 2 O 2 , MDA and superoxide anion and enhanced DPPH compared to non-inoculated plants at all NaCl levels.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
P. indica enhanced DPPH versus non-inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- P. indica inoculatione0
- Interactor
- P. indicaSerendipita indicae0symbiont
- Outcome
- DPPHe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. indica inoculation reduced H 2 O 2 , MDA and superoxide anion and enhanced DPPH compared to non-inoculated plants at all NaCl levels.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl increased total phenols and flavonoids.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- NaCl treatmente0
- Outcome
- total phenol and flavonoidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The total phenol and flavonoids increased with NaCl treatment.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
P. indica increased phenolic and flavonoid content beyond non-inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- P. indica inoculated plantse0
- Interactor
- P. indicaSerendipita indicae0symbiont
- Outcome
- total phenolic and flavonoide0
- Direction
- increased moree0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated onese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the total phenolic and flavonoid increased more in P. indica inoculated plants compared to non-inoculated ones.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
P. indica improved six antioxidant enzyme activities under salinity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- inoculation of P. indicae0
- Interactor
- P. indicaSerendipita indicae0symbiont
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT)e0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Qualifier
- upon salinitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation of P. indica implicated noteworthy improvement of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), and glutathione reductase (GR) activity in tomato upon salinity.”
Claim · model-written summary
P. indica improved DHAR, MDHAR and GR activity under salinity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- inoculation of P. indicae0
- Interactor
- P. indicaSerendipita indicae0symbiont
- Outcome
- dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), and glutathione reductase (GR) activitye0
- Direction
- improvemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation of P. indica implicated noteworthy improvement of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), and glutathione reductase (GR) activity in tomato upon salinity.”
Claim · model-written summary
P. indica improved reduced ascorbic acid, glutathione and redox ratio under salinity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- colonization with P. indicae0
- Interactor
- P. indicaSerendipita indicae0symbiont
- Outcome
- content of reduced ascorbic acid (AsA), glutathione (GSH) and redox ratioe0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“colonization with P. indica significantly improved the content of reduced ascorbic acid (AsA), glutathione (GSH) and redox ratio in the tomato plants under salinity resulting in reduced redox state.”
Claim · model-written summary
P. indica colonization reduced tomato redox state under salinity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- colonization with P. indicae0
- Interactor
- P. indicaSerendipita indicae0symbiont
- Outcome
- redox statee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“colonization with P. indica significantly improved the content of reduced ascorbic acid (AsA), glutathione (GSH) and redox ratio in the tomato plants under salinity resulting in reduced redox state.”
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See all 17 papers →8 of 15 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.