Abstract
Abstract Safflower is originated from Iran and is tolerant against water deficit stress. However, in semi-arid Mediterranean climate terminal drought and heat stress adversely affect the safflower production. In order to investigate the influence of foliar application of proline (Pr) (10 and 20 mM) and glycinebetaine (GB) (2 and 4 mM) under well and deficit irrigation (37.23° N,46.16° E). Foliar spray of compatible organic solutes started from middle vegetative growth and continued till seed filling stage. Comparison of well irrigated and stress conditions revealed that severity of water deficit stress (SI) was 0.25. Evaluation of growth-related morphological characteristics such as plant height, leaf area, canopy spread and percent ground cover showed that they considerably reduced by water deficit stress. However, foliar application of compatible solutes could somewhat increase growth related parameters. Results showed that water deficit stress noticeably reduced the chlorophyll content, while foliar spray could alleviate the water deficit stress effects when compared with intact plant (non-sprayed plants). The beneficial effect of GB was more prominent than Pr, especially under deficit irrigation condition. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the best performance under well irrigated condition was obtained by application of 4 mM GB while under deficit irrigation condition the best performance was recorded for plants treated with 2 and 4 mM GB and 20 mM Pr. Overall, results of current experiments showed that foliar spray with high concentration of GB may can significantly alleviate the adverse effects of water deficit stress.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit stress severity was 0.25.
- Taxon
- Safflower
Carthamus tinctoriust0 - Outcome
- severity of water deficit stress (SI)e0
- Value
- 0.25e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“severity of water deficit stress (SI) was 0.25”
t0“Safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit stress reduced safflower height, leaf area, canopy spread, and ground cover.
- Taxon
- SafflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- water deficit stresse0
- Outcome
- plant height, leaf area, canopy spread and percent ground covere0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant height, leaf area, canopy spread and percent ground cover showed that they considerably reduced by water deficit stress.”
t0“Safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar compatible solutes somewhat increased safflower growth parameters.
- Taxon
- SafflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- foliar application of compatible solutese0
- Outcome
- growth related parameterse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar application of compatible solutes could somewhat increase growth related parameters.”
t0“Safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit stress reduced safflower chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- SafflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- water deficit stresse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water deficit stress noticeably reduced the chlorophyll content”
t0“Safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar spray alleviated water deficit effects on chlorophyll relative to unsprayed plants.
- Taxon
- SafflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- foliar spraye0
- Outcome
- water deficit stress effectse0
- Direction
- alleviatee0
- Comparator
- intact plant (non-sprayed plants)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar spray could alleviate the water deficit stress effects when compared with intact plant (non-sprayed plants).”
t0“Safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycinebetaine was more beneficial than proline, particularly under deficit irrigation.
- Taxon
- SafflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- GBe0
- Outcome
- beneficial effecte0
- Direction
- more prominente0
- Qualifier
- under deficit irrigation conditione0
- Comparator
- Pre0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The beneficial effect of GB was more prominent than Pr, especially under deficit irrigation condition.”
t0“Safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Under full irrigation, 4 mM GB gave the best performance.
- Taxon
- SafflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- 4 mM GBe0
- Outcome
- best performancee0
- Direction
- beste0
- Qualifier
- well irrigated conditione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the best performance under well irrigated condition was obtained by application of 4 mM GB”
t0“Safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Under deficit irrigation, 2 and 4 mM GB gave the best performance.
- Taxon
- SafflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- 2 and 4 mM GBe0
- Outcome
- best performancee0
- Direction
- beste0
- Qualifier
- deficit irrigation conditione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under deficit irrigation condition the best performance was recorded for plants treated with 2 and 4 mM GB and 20 mM Pr.”
t0“Safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Under deficit irrigation, 20 mM proline gave the best performance.
- Taxon
- SafflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- 20 mM Pre0
- Outcome
- best performancee0
- Direction
- beste0
- Qualifier
- deficit irrigation conditione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under deficit irrigation condition the best performance was recorded for plants treated with 2 and 4 mM GB and 20 mM Pr.”
t0“Safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
High-concentration GB foliar spray may significantly alleviate water deficit stress effects.
- Taxon
- SafflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- foliar spray with high concentration of GBe0
- Outcome
- adverse effects of water deficit stresse0
- Direction
- alleviatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar spray with high concentration of GB may can significantly alleviate the adverse effects of water deficit stress.”
t0“Safflower”
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