Abstract
Summary In seeds and other parts of cultivated, tetraploid cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.), multicellular groups of cells lysigenously form dark glands containing toxic terpenoids such as gossypol that defend the plant against pests and pathogens. Using RNA ‐seq analysis of embryos from near‐isogenic glanded ( Gl 2 Gl 2 Gl 3 Gl 3 ) versus glandless ( gl 2 gl 2 gl 3 gl 3 ) plants, we identified 33 genes that expressed exclusively or at higher levels in embryos just prior to gland formation in glanded plants. Virus‐induced gene silencing against three gene pairs led to significant reductions in the number of glands in the leaves, and significantly lower levels of gossypol and related terpenoids. These genes encode transcription factors and have been designated the ‘Cotton Gland Formation’ ( CGF ) genes. No sequence differences were found between glanded and glandless cotton for CGF 1 and CGF 2 gene pairs. The glandless cotton has a transposon insertion within the coding sequence of the Go PGF (synonym CGF 3 ) gene of the A subgenome and extensive mutations in the promoter of D subgenome homeolog. Overexpression of Go PGF (synonym CGF 3 ) led to a dramatic increase in gossypol and related terpenoids in cultured cells, whereas CRISPR /Cas9 knockout of Go PGF (synonym CGF 3 ) genes resulted in glandless phenotype. Taken collectively, the results show that the Go PGF (synonym CGF 3 ) gene plays a critical role in the formation of glands in the cotton plant. Seed‐specific silencing of CGF genes, either individually or in combination, could eliminate glands, thus gossypol, from the cottonseed to render it safe as food or feed for monogastrics.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Virus-induced silencing of three gene pairs significantly reduced the number of glands in cotton leaves.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutume3 - Treatment
- gene silencing against three gene pairse1
- Outcome
- number of glands in the leavese1
- Direction
- reductionse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“gene silencing against three gene pairs led to significant reductions in the number of glands in the leaves, and significantly lower levels of gossypol and related terpenoids”
e3“cultivated, tetraploid cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing of three gene pairs significantly lowered gossypol and related terpenoid levels in cotton.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutume3
- Treatment
- gene silencing against three gene pairse1
- Outcome
- levels of gossypol and related terpenoidse1
- Direction
- lowere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“gene silencing against three gene pairs led to significant reductions in the number of glands in the leaves, and significantly lower levels of gossypol and related terpenoids”
e3“cultivated, tetraploid cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Overexpression of GoPGF (CGF3) dramatically increased gossypol and related terpenoids in cultured cotton cells.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutume3
- Treatment
- Overexpression of Go PGFe2
- Gene
- Go PGFe2
- Outcome
- gossypol and related terpenoidse2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Setting
- cultured cellse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Overexpression of Go PGF (synonym CGF 3 ) led to a dramatic increase in gossypol and related terpenoids in cultured cells”
e3“cultivated, tetraploid cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The glandless cotton carries a transposon insertion within the coding sequence of the GoPGF (CGF3) gene.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutume3
- Material
- glandless cottone5
- Gene
- Go PGFe5
- Outcome
- transposon insertion within the coding sequencee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The glandless cotton has a transposon insertion within the coding sequence of the Go PGF (synonym CGF 3 ) gene of the A subgenome”
e3“cultivated, tetraploid cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of GoPGF (CGF3) genes produced a glandless cotton phenotype.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutume3
- Treatment
- CRISPR /Cas9 knockoute4
- Gene
- Go PGFe4
- Outcome
- glandless phenotypee4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“CRISPR /Cas9 knockout of Go PGF (synonym CGF 3 ) genes resulted in glandless phenotype”
e3“cultivated, tetraploid cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The GoPGF (CGF3) gene is concluded to play a critical role in gland formation in cotton.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutume3
- Gene
- Go PGFe6
- Outcome
- formation of glandse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Taken collectively, the results show that the Go PGF (synonym CGF 3 ) gene plays a critical role in the formation of glands in the cotton plant”
e3“cultivated, tetraploid cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed-specific silencing of CGF genes could eliminate glands and thus gossypol from cottonseed, making it safer as feed.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutume3
- Outcome
- eliminate glandse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“silencing of CGF genes, either individually or in combination, could eliminate glands”
e3“cultivated, tetraploid cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Embryos of glanded cotton showed 33 genes expressed exclusively or at higher levels just before gland formation.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutume3
- Material
- glanded plantse0
- Organ / stage
- embryose0
- Outcome
- expressed exclusively or at higher levelse0
- Value
- 33 genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we identified 33 genes that expressed exclusively or at higher levels in embryos just prior to gland formation in glanded plants”
e3“cultivated, tetraploid cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The CGF genes encode transcription factors.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutume3
- Outcome
- encode transcription factorse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These genes encode transcription factors”
e3“cultivated, tetraploid cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
No sequence differences were found between glanded and glandless cotton for CGF1 and CGF2 gene pairs.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutume3
- Material
- glanded and glandless cottone0
- Gene
- CGF 1 and CGF 2e0
- Outcome
- sequence differencese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No sequence differences were found between glanded and glandless cotton for CGF 1 and CGF 2 gene pairs”
e3“cultivated, tetraploid cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
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