Abstract
As a brassinosteroid (BR), 24-epibrassinolide (24-epiBL) has been widely used to enhance the resistance of plants to multiple stresses, including salinity. Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is a common species in degraded soils. In the current study, plants were pretreated with three levels of 24-epiBL (0.21, 0.62, or 1.04 µM) by either soaking seeds during the germination phase (Sew), foliar spraying (Spw), or root dipping (Diw) at the age of 6 months. The plants were exposed to salt stress (100 and 200 mM NaCl) via automatic drip-feeding (water content ~40%) for 45 days after each treatment. Increased salinity resulted in a decrease in net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular:ambient CO2 concentration ratio (Ci/Ca), water-use efficiency (WUEi), and maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/Fm). Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and thermal dissipation (Hd) were elevated under stress, which accompanied the reduction in the membrane steady index (MSI), water content (RWC), and pigment concentration (Chl a, Chl b, and Chl). Indicators of oxidative stress (i.e., malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) in leaves and Na+ content in chloroplasts increased accompanied by a reduction in chloroplastid K+ and Ca2+. At 200 mM NaCl, the chloroplast and thylakoid ultrastructures were severely disrupted. Exogenous 24-epiBL improved MSI, RWC, K+, and Ca2+ content, reduced Na+ levels, maintained chloroplast and thylakoid membrane structures, and enhanced the antioxidant ability in leaves. 24-epiBL also substantially alleviated stress-induced limitations of photosynthetic ability, reflected by elevated chlorophyll fluorescence, pigment levels, and Pn. The positive effects of alleviating salt stress in R. pseudoacacia seedlings in terms of treatment application was Diw > Sew > Spw, and the most positive impacts were seen with 1.04 µM 24-epiBL. These results provide diverse choice for 24-epiBL usage to defend against NaCl stress of a plant.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Increased salinity decreased net photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance and Ci/Ca in black locust seedlings.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacacia L.
Robinia pseudoacaciat0 - Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Outcome
- net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular:ambient CO2 concentration ratio (Ci/Ca)e2
- Direction
- decreasee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Robinia pseudoacacia L.”
e1“The plants were exposed to salt stress (100 and 200 mM NaCl) via automatic drip-feeding”
e2“Increased salinity resulted in a decrease in net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular:ambient CO2 concentration ratio (Ci/Ca)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased salinity decreased water-use efficiency and maximum quantum yield of photosystem II in black locust seedlings.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacacia L.Robinia pseudoacaciat0
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Outcome
- water-use efficiency (WUEi), and maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/Fm)e2
- Direction
- decreasee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Robinia pseudoacacia L.”
e1“The plants were exposed to salt stress (100 and 200 mM NaCl) via automatic drip-feeding”
e2“Increased salinity resulted in a decrease in net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular:ambient CO2 concentration ratio (Ci/Ca), water-use efficiency (WUEi), and maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/Fm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress elevated non-photochemical quenching and thermal dissipation in black locust seedlings.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacacia L.Robinia pseudoacaciat0
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Outcome
- Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and thermal dissipation (Hd)e2
- Direction
- elevatede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Robinia pseudoacacia L.”
e1“The plants were exposed to salt stress (100 and 200 mM NaCl) via automatic drip-feeding”
e2“Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and thermal dissipation (Hd) were elevated under stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced membrane steady index, water content and pigment concentration in black locust seedlings.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacacia L.Robinia pseudoacaciat0
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Outcome
- membrane steady index (MSI), water content (RWC), and pigment concentration (Chl a, Chl b, and Chl)e2
- Direction
- reductione2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Robinia pseudoacacia L.”
e1“The plants were exposed to salt stress (100 and 200 mM NaCl) via automatic drip-feeding”
e2“the reduction in the membrane steady index (MSI), water content (RWC), and pigment concentration (Chl a, Chl b, and Chl)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased indicators of oxidative stress in leaves of black locust seedlings.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacacia L.Robinia pseudoacaciat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese3
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Outcome
- Indicators of oxidative stress (i.e., malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD))e3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Robinia pseudoacacia L.”
e1“The plants were exposed to salt stress (100 and 200 mM NaCl) via automatic drip-feeding”
e3“Indicators of oxidative stress (i.e., malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) in leaves and Na+ content in chloroplasts increased accompanied by a reduction in chloroplastid K+ and Ca2+”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased Na+ content in chloroplasts of black locust seedlings.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacacia L.Robinia pseudoacaciat0
- Organ / stage
- chloroplastse3
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Outcome
- Na+ content in chloroplastse3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Robinia pseudoacacia L.”
e1“The plants were exposed to salt stress (100 and 200 mM NaCl) via automatic drip-feeding”
e3“Indicators of oxidative stress (i.e., malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) in leaves and Na+ content in chloroplasts increased accompanied by a reduction in chloroplastid K+ and Ca2+”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced K+ and Ca2+ in chloroplasts of black locust seedlings.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacacia L.Robinia pseudoacaciat0
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Outcome
- chloroplastid K+ and Ca2+e3
- Direction
- reductione3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Robinia pseudoacacia L.”
e1“The plants were exposed to salt stress (100 and 200 mM NaCl) via automatic drip-feeding”
e3“Indicators of oxidative stress (i.e., malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) in leaves and Na+ content in chloroplasts increased accompanied by a reduction in chloroplastid K+ and Ca2+”
Claim · model-written summary
At 200 mM NaCl the chloroplast and thylakoid ultrastructures of black locust seedlings were severely disrupted.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacacia L.Robinia pseudoacaciat0
- Treatment
- 200 mM NaCle4
- Outcome
- chloroplast and thylakoid ultrastructurese4
- Qualifier
- severely disruptede4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Robinia pseudoacacia L.”
e4“At 200 mM NaCl, the chloroplast and thylakoid ultrastructures were severely disrupted”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous 24-epiBL improved MSI and RWC in salt-stressed black locust seedlings.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacacia L.Robinia pseudoacaciat0
- Treatment
- Exogenous 24-epiBLe4
- Outcome
- MSI, RWCe4
- Direction
- improvede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Robinia pseudoacacia L.”
e4“Exogenous 24-epiBL improved MSI, RWC, K+, and Ca2+ content, reduced Na+ levels, maintained chloroplast and thylakoid membrane structures, and enhanced the antioxidant ability in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous 24-epiBL improved K+ and Ca2+ content in salt-stressed black locust seedlings.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacacia L.Robinia pseudoacaciat0
- Treatment
- Exogenous 24-epiBLe4
- Outcome
- K+, and Ca2+ contente4
- Direction
- improvede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Robinia pseudoacacia L.”
e4“Exogenous 24-epiBL improved MSI, RWC, K+, and Ca2+ content, reduced Na+ levels, maintained chloroplast and thylakoid membrane structures, and enhanced the antioxidant ability in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous 24-epiBL reduced Na+ levels in salt-stressed black locust seedlings.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacacia L.Robinia pseudoacaciat0
- Treatment
- Exogenous 24-epiBLe4
- Outcome
- Na+ levelse4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Robinia pseudoacacia L.”
e4“Exogenous 24-epiBL improved MSI, RWC, K+, and Ca2+ content, reduced Na+ levels, maintained chloroplast and thylakoid membrane structures, and enhanced the antioxidant ability in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous 24-epiBL maintained chloroplast and thylakoid membrane structures in salt-stressed black locust seedlings.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacacia L.Robinia pseudoacaciat0
- Treatment
- Exogenous 24-epiBLe4
- Outcome
- chloroplast and thylakoid membrane structurese4
- Direction
- maintainede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Robinia pseudoacacia L.”
e4“Exogenous 24-epiBL improved MSI, RWC, K+, and Ca2+ content, reduced Na+ levels, maintained chloroplast and thylakoid membrane structures, and enhanced the antioxidant ability in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous 24-epiBL enhanced the antioxidant ability in leaves of salt-stressed black locust seedlings.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacacia L.Robinia pseudoacaciat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese4
- Treatment
- Exogenous 24-epiBLe4
- Outcome
- antioxidant abilitye4
- Direction
- enhancede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Robinia pseudoacacia L.”
e4“Exogenous 24-epiBL improved MSI, RWC, K+, and Ca2+ content, reduced Na+ levels, maintained chloroplast and thylakoid membrane structures, and enhanced the antioxidant ability in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
24-epiBL substantially alleviated stress-induced limitations of photosynthetic ability in black locust seedlings.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacacia L.Robinia pseudoacaciat0
- Treatment
- 24-epiBLe5
- Outcome
- stress-induced limitations of photosynthetic abilitye5
- Direction
- substantially alleviatede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Robinia pseudoacacia L.”
e5“24-epiBL also substantially alleviated stress-induced limitations of photosynthetic ability”
Claim · model-written summary
24-epiBL elevated chlorophyll fluorescence, pigment levels and net photosynthesis in black locust seedlings.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacacia L.Robinia pseudoacaciat0
- Treatment
- 24-epiBLe5
- Outcome
- chlorophyll fluorescence, pigment levels, and Pne5
- Direction
- elevatede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Robinia pseudoacacia L.”
e5“24-epiBL also substantially alleviated stress-induced limitations of photosynthetic ability, reflected by elevated chlorophyll fluorescence, pigment levels, and Pn”
Claim · model-written summary
Pretreatment application methods ranked Diw > Sew > Spw for positive effects of alleviating salt stress in R. pseudoacacia seedlings.
- Taxon
- R. pseudoacaciaRobinia pseudoacaciae5
- Treatment
- treatment applicatione5
- Outcome
- positive effects of alleviating salt stresse5
- Direction
- Diw > Sew > Spwe5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The positive effects of alleviating salt stress in R. pseudoacacia seedlings in terms of treatment application was Diw > Sew > Spw”
Claim · model-written summary
The most positive impacts on salt stress alleviation in R. pseudoacacia seedlings were seen with 1.04 µM 24-epiBL.
- Taxon
- R. pseudoacaciaRobinia pseudoacaciae5
- Treatment
- 1.04 µM 24-epiBLe5
- Outcome
- most positive impactse5
- Direction
- most positivee5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The positive effects of alleviating salt stress in R. pseudoacacia seedlings in terms of treatment application was Diw > Sew > Spw, and the most positive impacts were seen with 1.04 µM 24-epiBL”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that 24-epiBL offers diverse choices for use against NaCl stress in Robinia pseudoacacia.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacacia L.Robinia pseudoacaciat0
- Outcome
- diverse choice for 24-epiBL usagee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Robinia pseudoacacia L.”
e5“These results provide diverse choice for 24-epiBL usage to defend against NaCl stress of a plant”
The same questions in other papers
salinity · physiology: photosynthesis · Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- no effect
salinity · physiology: oxidative · Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.