Abstract
Soil salinization and the associated land degradation are major and growing ecological problems. Excess salt in soil impedes plant photosynthetic processes and root uptake of water and nutrients such as K+. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can mitigate salt stress in host plants. Although numerous studies demonstrate that photosynthesis and water status are improved by mycorrhizae, the molecular mechanisms involved have received little research attention. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of AM symbiosis and salt stress on photosynthesis, water status, concentrations of Na+ and K+, and the expression of several genes associated with photosynthesis (RppsbA, RppsbD, RprbcL and RprbcS) and genes coding for aquaporins or membrane transport proteins involved in K+ and/or Na+ uptake, translocation or compartmentalization homeostasis (RpSOS1, RpHKT1, RpNHX1 and RpSKOR) in black locust. The results showed that salinity reduced the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and relative water content in both non-mycorrhizal (NM) and AM plants; the reductions of these three parameters were less in AM plants compared with NM plants. Under saline conditions, AM fungi significantly improved the net photosynthetic rate, quantum efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry and K+ content in plants, but evidently reduced the Na+ content. AM plants also displayed a significant increase in the relative water content and an evident decrease in the shoot/root ratio of Na+ in the presence of 200 mM NaCl compared with NM plants. Additionally, mycorrhizal colonization upregulated the expression of three chloroplast genes (RppsbA, RppsbD and RprbcL) in leaves, and three genes (RpSOS1, RpHKT1 and RpSKOR) encoding membrane transport proteins involved in K+/Na+ homeostasis in roots. Expression of several aquaporin genes was regulated by AM symbiosis in both leaves and roots depending on soil salinity. This study suggests that the beneficial effects of AM symbiosis on the photosynthetic capacity, water status and K+/Na+ homeostasis lead to the improved growth performance and salt tolerance of black locust exposed to salt stress.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and relative water content in both non-mycorrhizal and AM black locust, with smaller reductions in AM plants.
- Taxon
- Black Locust
Robinia pseudoacaciat0 - Treatment
- salinitye0
- Interactor
- AMe0symbiont
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and relative water contente0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- NM plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Black Locust”
e0“salinity reduced the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and relative water content in both non-mycorrhizal (NM) and AM plants; the reductions of these three parameters were less in AM plants compared with NM plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salinity, AM fungi improved net photosynthetic rate in black locust.
- Taxon
- Black LocustRobinia pseudoacaciat0
- Treatment
- AM fungie0
- Interactor
- AM fungiGlomeromycotae0symbiont
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Black Locust”
e0“Under saline conditions, AM fungi significantly improved the net photosynthetic rate, quantum efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry and K+ content in plants, but evidently reduced the Na+ content”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salinity, AM fungi improved quantum efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry in black locust.
- Taxon
- Black LocustRobinia pseudoacaciat0
- Treatment
- AM fungie0
- Interactor
- AM fungiGlomeromycotae0symbiont
- Outcome
- quantum efficiency of photosystem II photochemistrye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Black Locust”
e0“Under saline conditions, AM fungi significantly improved the net photosynthetic rate, quantum efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry and K+ content in plants, but evidently reduced the Na+ content”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salinity, AM fungi improved K+ content in black locust.
- Taxon
- Black LocustRobinia pseudoacaciat0
- Treatment
- AM fungie0
- Interactor
- AM fungiGlomeromycotae0symbiont
- Outcome
- K+ contente0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Black Locust”
e0“Under saline conditions, AM fungi significantly improved the net photosynthetic rate, quantum efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry and K+ content in plants, but evidently reduced the Na+ content”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salinity, AM fungi reduced Na+ content in black locust.
- Taxon
- Black LocustRobinia pseudoacaciat0
- Treatment
- AM fungie0
- Interactor
- AM fungiGlomeromycotae0symbiont
- Outcome
- Na+ contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Black Locust”
e0“Under saline conditions, AM fungi significantly improved the net photosynthetic rate, quantum efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry and K+ content in plants, but evidently reduced the Na+ content”
Claim · model-written summary
At 200 mM NaCl, AM black locust had a increase in relative water content compared with NM plants.
- Taxon
- Black LocustRobinia pseudoacaciat0
- Treatment
- AM plantse0
- Interactor
- AMe0symbiont
- Outcome
- relative water contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- 200 mM NaCle0
- Comparator
- NM plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Black Locust”
e0“AM plants also displayed a significant increase in the relative water content and an evident decrease in the shoot/root ratio of Na+ in the presence of 200 mM NaCl compared with NM plants”
Claim · model-written summary
At 200 mM NaCl, AM black locust had a decrease in shoot/root ratio of Na+ compared with NM plants.
- Taxon
- Black LocustRobinia pseudoacaciat0
- Treatment
- AM plantse0
- Interactor
- AMe0symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot/root ratio of Na+e0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- 200 mM NaCle0
- Comparator
- NM plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Black Locust”
e0“AM plants also displayed a significant increase in the relative water content and an evident decrease in the shoot/root ratio of Na+ in the presence of 200 mM NaCl compared with NM plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal colonization upregulated RppsbA expression in black locust leaves.
- Taxon
- Black LocustRobinia pseudoacaciat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizal colonizatione0
- Gene
- RppsbAe0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Black Locust”
e0“mycorrhizal colonization upregulated the expression of three chloroplast genes (RppsbA, RppsbD and RprbcL) in leaves, and three genes (RpSOS1, RpHKT1 and RpSKOR) encoding membrane transport proteins involved in K+/Na+ homeostasis in roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal colonization upregulated RppsbD expression in black locust leaves.
- Taxon
- Black LocustRobinia pseudoacaciat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizal colonizatione0
- Gene
- RppsbDe0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Black Locust”
e0“mycorrhizal colonization upregulated the expression of three chloroplast genes (RppsbA, RppsbD and RprbcL) in leaves, and three genes (RpSOS1, RpHKT1 and RpSKOR) encoding membrane transport proteins involved in K+/Na+ homeostasis in roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal colonization upregulated RprbcL expression in black locust leaves.
- Taxon
- Black LocustRobinia pseudoacaciat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizal colonizatione0
- Gene
- RprbcLe0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Black Locust”
e0“mycorrhizal colonization upregulated the expression of three chloroplast genes (RppsbA, RppsbD and RprbcL) in leaves, and three genes (RpSOS1, RpHKT1 and RpSKOR) encoding membrane transport proteins involved in K+/Na+ homeostasis in roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal colonization upregulated RpSOS1 expression in black locust roots.
- Taxon
- Black LocustRobinia pseudoacaciat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizal colonizatione0
- Gene
- RpSOS1e0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Black Locust”
e0“mycorrhizal colonization upregulated the expression of three chloroplast genes (RppsbA, RppsbD and RprbcL) in leaves, and three genes (RpSOS1, RpHKT1 and RpSKOR) encoding membrane transport proteins involved in K+/Na+ homeostasis in roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal colonization upregulated RpHKT1 expression in black locust roots.
- Taxon
- Black LocustRobinia pseudoacaciat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizal colonizatione0
- Gene
- RpHKT1e0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Black Locust”
e0“mycorrhizal colonization upregulated the expression of three chloroplast genes (RppsbA, RppsbD and RprbcL) in leaves, and three genes (RpSOS1, RpHKT1 and RpSKOR) encoding membrane transport proteins involved in K+/Na+ homeostasis in roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal colonization upregulated RpSKOR expression in black locust roots.
- Taxon
- Black LocustRobinia pseudoacaciat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizal colonizatione0
- Gene
- RpSKORe0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Black Locust”
e0“mycorrhizal colonization upregulated the expression of three chloroplast genes (RppsbA, RppsbD and RprbcL) in leaves, and three genes (RpSOS1, RpHKT1 and RpSKOR) encoding membrane transport proteins involved in K+/Na+ homeostasis in roots”
Claim · model-written summary
AM symbiosis regulated several aquaporin genes in leaves and roots depending on soil salinity.
- Taxon
- Black LocustRobinia pseudoacaciat0
- Organ / stage
- leaves and rootse0
- Treatment
- AM symbiosise0
- Outcome
- Expression of several aquaporin genese0
- Qualifier
- depending on soil salinitye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Black Locust”
e0“Expression of several aquaporin genes was regulated by AM symbiosis in both leaves and roots depending on soil salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attributed improved growth and salt tolerance to AM effects on photosynthetic capacity, water status and K+/Na+ homeostasis.
- Taxon
- Black LocustRobinia pseudoacaciat0
- Treatment
- AM symbiosise0
- Outcome
- improved growth performance and salt tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- photosynthetic capacity, water status and K+/Na+ homeostasise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Black Locust”
e0“the beneficial effects of AM symbiosis on the photosynthetic capacity, water status and K+/Na+ homeostasis lead to the improved growth performance and salt tolerance of black locust exposed to salt stress”
The same questions in other papers
salinity · physiology: photosynthesis · Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- no effect
mycorrhiza · physiology: water · Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
mycorrhiza · Glomeromycota · Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.