Abstract
BACKGROUND: Nitrogen is one basic element of amino acids and grain protein in wheat. In field experiments, wheat plants were subjected to different timing of nitrogen topdressing treatments: at the stages of emergence of the top fifth leaf (TL5), top third leaf (TL3) and top first leaf (TL1) to test the regulatory effects of nitrogen topdressing timing on grain protein quality. The underlying mechanisms were elucidated by clarifying the relationship between proteolysis in vegetative organs and accumulation of amino acids in the endosperm cavity, conversion of amino acids, and storage protein synthesis in endosperm of wheat grain. RESULTS: Delayed nitrogen topdressing up-regulated gene expression related to nitrogen metabolism and protease synthesis in the flag leaf, followed by more free amino acids being transported to both the cavity and the endosperm from 7 days after anthesis (DAA) to 13 DAA in TL1. TL1 enhanced the conversion between free amino acids in endosperm and upregulated the expression of genes encoding high molecular weight (HMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) subunits and protein disulfide isomerases-like (PDIL) proteins, indicating that the synthesis and folding of glutenin were enhanched by delayed nitrogen topdressing. As a consequense, the content of glutenin macropolymers (GMP) and glutenin increased with delaying nitrogen topdressing. CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight the relationship between nitrogen remobilization and final grain protein production and suggest that the nitrogen remobilization processes could be a potential target for improving the quality of wheat grain. Additionally, specific gene expression related to nitrogen topdressing was identified, which conferred more detailed insights into underlying mechanism on the modification protein quality.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed nitrogen topdressing upregulated nitrogen metabolism and protease synthesis genes in the flag leaf.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Organ / stage
- flag leafe0
- Treatment
- Delayed nitrogen topdressinge0
- Outcome
- gene expression related to nitrogen metabolism and protease synthesise0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Delayed nitrogen topdressing up-regulated gene expression related to nitrogen metabolism and protease synthesis in the flag leaf”
t0“wheat grain”
Claim · model-written summary
TL1 increased transport of free amino acids to cavity and endosperm from 7 to 13 days after anthesis.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- TL1e0
- Outcome
- free amino acids being transported to both the cavity and the endosperme0
- Direction
- moree0
- Qualifier
- from 7 days after anthesis (DAA) to 13 DAAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“more free amino acids being transported to both the cavity and the endosperm from 7 days after anthesis (DAA) to 13 DAA in TL1.”
t0“wheat grain”
Claim · model-written summary
TL1 enhanced conversion between free amino acids in the endosperm.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- TL1e0
- Outcome
- conversion between free amino acids in endosperme0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TL1 enhanced the conversion between free amino acids in endosperm”
t0“wheat grain”
Claim · model-written summary
TL1 upregulated expression of HMW, LMW and PDIL encoding genes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- expression of genes encoding high molecular weight (HMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) subunits and protein disulfide isomerases-like (PDIL) proteinse0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“upregulated the expression of genes encoding high molecular weight (HMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) subunits and protein disulfide isomerases-like (PDIL) proteins”
t0“wheat grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed nitrogen topdressing increased glutenin macropolymer and glutenin content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- delaying nitrogen topdressinge0
- Outcome
- content of glutenin macropolymers (GMP) and glutenine0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the content of glutenin macropolymers (GMP) and glutenin increased with delaying nitrogen topdressing.”
t0“wheat grain”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest nitrogen remobilization as a target for improving wheat grain quality.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- nitrogen remobilization processes could be a potential target for improving the quality of wheat graine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen remobilization processes could be a potential target for improving the quality of wheat grain.”
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