Abstract
Sowing date and seeding rate are critical for productivity of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). A three-year field experiment was conducted with three sowing dates (20 September (SD1), 1 October (SD2), and 10 October (SD3)) and three seeding rates (SR67.5, SR90, and SR112.5) to determine suitable sowing date and seeding rate for high wheat yield. A large seasonal variation in accumulated temperature from sowing to winter dormancy was observed among three growing seasons. Suitable sowing dates for strong seedlings before winter varied with the seasons, that was SD2 in 2012–2013, SD3 in 2013–2014, and SD2 as well as SD1 in 2014–2015. Seasonal variation in precipitation during summer fallow also had substantial effects on soil water storage, and consequently influenced grain yield through soil water consumption from winter dormancy to maturity stages. Lower consumption of soil water from winter dormancy to booting stages could make more water available for productive growth from anthesis to maturity stages, leading to higher grain yield. SD2 combined with SR90 had the lowest soil water consumption from winter dormancy to booting stages in 2012–2013 and 2014–2015; while in 2013–2014, it was close to that with SR67.5 or SR112.5. For productive growth from anthesis to maturity stages, SD2 with SR90 had the highest soil water consumption in all three seasons. The highest water consumption in the productive growth period resulted in the best grain yield in both low and high rainfall years. Ear number largely contributed to the seasonal variation in grain yield, while grain number per ear and 1 000-grain weight also contributed to grain yield, especially when soil water storage was high. Our results indicate that sowing date and seeding rate affect grain yield through seedling development before winter and also affect soil water consumption in different growth periods. By selecting the suitable sowing date (1 October) in combination with the proper seeding rate of 90 kg ha–1, the best yield was achieved. Based on these results, we recommend that the current sowing date be delayed from 22 or 23 September to 1 October.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Accumulated temperature before winter dormancy varied greatly among seasons.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Outcome
- accumulated temperature from sowing to winter dormancye0
- Direction
- large seasonal variatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A large seasonal variation in accumulated temperature from sowing to winter dormancy was observed among three growing seasons”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The suitable sowing date for strong prewinter seedlings differed across seasons.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Suitable sowing dates for strong seedlings before wintere0
- Direction
- varied with the seasonse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Suitable sowing dates for strong seedlings before winter varied with the seasons, that was SD2 in 2012–2013, SD3 in 2013–2014, and SD2 as well as SD1 in 2014–2015”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Summer fallow precipitation affected soil water storage.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- soil water storagee0
- Setting
- summer fallowe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seasonal variation in precipitation during summer fallow also had substantial effects on soil water storage”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil water storage influenced grain yield through water consumption from dormancy to maturity.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Qualifier
- soil water consumption from winter dormancy to maturity stagese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil water storage, and consequently influenced grain yield through soil water consumption from winter dormancy to maturity stages”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower water use from dormancy to booting was associated with more water for later productive growth and higher yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Qualifier
- Lower consumption of soil water from winter dormancy to booting stagese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lower consumption of soil water from winter dormancy to booting stages could make more water available for productive growth from anthesis to maturity stages, leading to higher grain yield”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
SD2 with SR90 had the lowest soil water consumption from dormancy to booting in two seasons.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SD2 combined with SR90e0
- Outcome
- soil water consumption from winter dormancy to booting stagese0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SD2 combined with SR90 had the lowest soil water consumption from winter dormancy to booting stages in 2012–2013 and 2014–2015”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
SD2 with SR90 had similar early water consumption to SR67.5 or SR112.5 in 2013–2014.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SD2e0
- Outcome
- soil water consumptione0
- Direction
- close toe0
- Comparator
- SR67.5 or SR112.5e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SD2 combined with SR90 had the lowest soil water consumption from winter dormancy to booting stages in 2012–2013 and 2014–2015; while in 2013–2014, it was close to that with SR67.5 or SR112.5”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
SD2 with SR90 had the highest water use from anthesis to maturity across three seasons.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SD2 with SR90e0
- Outcome
- soil water consumptione0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SD2 with SR90 had the highest soil water consumption in all three seasons”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest water use during productive growth gave the best grain yield in low- and high-rainfall years.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- highest water consumption in the productive growth periode0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- beste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest water consumption in the productive growth period resulted in the best grain yield in both low and high rainfall years”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Ear number contributed strongly to seasonal grain-yield variation.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- Eare0
- Outcome
- seasonal variation in grain yielde0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ear number largely contributed to the seasonal variation in grain yield”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain number per ear and 1 000-grain weight also contributed to yield, especially with high soil water storage.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- graine0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Qualifier
- especially when soil water storage was highe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain number per ear and 1 000-grain weight also contributed to grain yield, especially when soil water storage was high”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors report that sowing date and seeding rate affect grain yield through seedling development before winter.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sowing date and seeding ratee0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Qualifier
- seedling development before wintere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sowing date and seeding rate affect grain yield through seedling development before winter”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors report that sowing date and seeding rate affect soil water consumption across growth periods.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sowing date and seeding ratee0
- Outcome
- soil water consumptione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sowing date and seeding rate affect grain yield through seedling development before winter and also affect soil water consumption in different growth periods”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
1 October sowing with 90 kg ha–1 seeding achieved the best yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sowing date (1 October) in combination with the proper seeding rate of 90 kg ha–1e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- beste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“By selecting the suitable sowing date (1 October) in combination with the proper seeding rate of 90 kg ha–1, the best yield was achieved”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend delaying sowing from 22 or 23 September to 1 October.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- sowing date be delayed from 22 or 23 September to 1 Octobere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we recommend that the current sowing date be delayed from 22 or 23 September to 1 October”
t0“winter wheat”
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