Abstract
The aim of this study was to control eggplant Cladosporium disease caused by the fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides using the biological control fungi Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma harzianum and T. koningii. The effect of these agents was tested in vitro. Three isolates of C. cladosporioides were obtained from various eggplant-growing regions in Basrah governorate. When testing the pathogenic capacity of the three isolates, isolate 1 from Shatt al-Arab area was found the most severe, with 68.7% severity of infection, and accordingly this isolate was used for further testing. Bio-fungicide filtrate was tested for its ability to reduce the growth of pathogenic fungi in PDA medium. All filtrates concentrations tested affected the fungal growth of pathogenic fungi with a rate of inhibition between 29.61 and 40.69%. In addition, spores concentrations of the bio-control agents (10, 20 and 30 ml filtrate/L) reduced the sporulation of the pathogenic fungus C. cladosporioides. The average number of spores per one ml of pathogenic fungus reached 22.73, 19.96 and 16.95 10 3 , respectively, compared with 40.1110 3 for the control treatment. For comparison purposes, carbendazim fungicide was also tested to inhibit the pathogenic fungus in PDA medium, and the rate of inhibition of C. cladosporioides obtained was 33.95, 68.26, 82.99 and 100%, respectively, for concentrations 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm. Filtrates of A. niger, T. harzianum and T. koningii (20 and 30 ml filtrate/L) were found to reduce the severity of C. cladosporioides infection on eggplant plant by 33.65, 30.12 and 28.42%, for the three fungi, respectively, compared to 66.86% for the control treatment. The fresh and dry weight of eggplants treated with bio-fungicides was increased. Eggplants treated with bio-fungicides showed an increase in peroxidase activity compared with the control treatment.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Of three C. cladosporioides isolates from eggplant-growing regions, isolate 1 from Shatt al-Arab was most severe, with 68.7% severity of infection.
- Taxon
- eggplant
Solanum melongenat0 - Material
- isolate 1 from Shatt al-Arab areae0
- Interactor
- Cladosporium cladosporioides
Cladosporium cladosporioidest1pathogen - Outcome
- severity of infectione0
- Value
- 68.7%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“eggplant”
t1“Cladosporium cladosporioides”
e0“isolate 1 from Shatt al-Arab area was found the most severe, with 68.7% severity of infection”
Claim · model-written summary
Bio-fungicide filtrates at all tested concentrations inhibited the growth of the pathogenic fungus on PDA, with inhibition rates of 29.61 to 40.69%.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- filtrates concentrationse0
- Interactor
- Cladosporium cladosporioidesCladosporium cladosporioidest1pathogen
- Outcome
- fungal growth of pathogenic fungie0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- between 29.61 and 40.69%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“eggplant”
t1“Cladosporium cladosporioides”
e0“All filtrates concentrations tested affected the fungal growth of pathogenic fungi with a rate of inhibition between 29.61 and 40.69%”
Claim · model-written summary
Bio-control filtrates at 10, 20 and 30 ml/L reduced C. cladosporioides sporulation to 22.73, 19.96 and 16.95 x10^3 spores per ml versus 40.11 x10^3 in the control.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- bio-control agents (10, 20 and 30 ml filtrate/L)e1
- Interactor
- C. cladosporioidesCladosporium cladosporioidese1pathogen
- Outcome
- sporulatione1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 22.73, 19.96 and 16.95 10 3e2
- Comparator
- control treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“eggplant”
e1“spores concentrations of the bio-control agents (10, 20 and 30 ml filtrate/L) reduced the sporulation of the pathogenic fungus C. cladosporioides”
e2“The average number of spores per one ml of pathogenic fungus reached 22.73, 19.96 and 16.95 10 3 , respectively, compared with 40.1110 3 for the control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The reference fungicide carbendazim inhibited C. cladosporioides on PDA by 33.95, 68.26, 82.99 and 100% at 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- carbendazim fungicidee0
- Interactor
- C. cladosporioidesCladosporium cladosporioidese0pathogen
- Outcome
- rate of inhibition of C. cladosporioidese0
- Direction
- inhibite0
- Value
- 33.95, 68.26, 82.99 and 100%e0
- Setting
- PDA mediume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“eggplant”
e0“carbendazim fungicide was also tested to inhibit the pathogenic fungus in PDA medium, and the rate of inhibition of C. cladosporioides obtained was 33.95, 68.26, 82.99 and 100%, respectively, for concentrations 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm”
Claim · model-written summary
Aspergillus niger filtrate reduced C. cladosporioides infection severity on eggplant by 33.65 (control 66.86%).
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- Filtrates of A. nigere0
- Interactor
- C. cladosporioidesCladosporium cladosporioidese0pathogen
- Second interactor
- A. niger
Aspergillus nigere0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- severity of C. cladosporioides infectione0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Value
- 33.65e0
- Qualifier
- 66.86% for the control treatmente0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“eggplant”
e0“Filtrates of A. niger, T. harzianum and T. koningii (20 and 30 ml filtrate/L) were found to reduce the severity of C. cladosporioides infection on eggplant plant by 33.65, 30.12 and 28.42%, for the three fungi, respectively, compared to 66.86% for the control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma harzianum filtrate reduced C. cladosporioides infection severity on eggplant by 30.12 (control 66.86%).
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- T. harzianume0
- Interactor
- C. cladosporioidesCladosporium cladosporioidese0pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. harzianum
Trichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- severity of C. cladosporioides infectione0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Value
- 30.12e0
- Qualifier
- 66.86% for the control treatmente0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“eggplant”
e0“Filtrates of A. niger, T. harzianum and T. koningii (20 and 30 ml filtrate/L) were found to reduce the severity of C. cladosporioides infection on eggplant plant by 33.65, 30.12 and 28.42%, for the three fungi, respectively, compared to 66.86% for the control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
T. koningii filtrate reduced C. cladosporioides infection severity on eggplant by 28.42 (control 66.86%).
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- T. koningiie0
- Interactor
- C. cladosporioidesCladosporium cladosporioidese0pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. koningiiTrichoderma koningiie0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- severity of C. cladosporioides infectione0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Value
- 28.42e0
- Qualifier
- 66.86% for the control treatmente0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“eggplant”
e0“Filtrates of A. niger, T. harzianum and T. koningii (20 and 30 ml filtrate/L) were found to reduce the severity of C. cladosporioides infection on eggplant plant by 33.65, 30.12 and 28.42%, for the three fungi, respectively, compared to 66.86% for the control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The fresh and dry weight of eggplants treated with bio-fungicides was increased.
- Taxon
- eggplantsSolanum melongenae0
- Treatment
- bio-fungicidese0
- Outcome
- fresh and dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fresh and dry weight of eggplants treated with bio-fungicides was increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Eggplants treated with bio-fungicides showed increased peroxidase activity compared with the control.
- Taxon
- EggplantsSolanum melongenae0
- Treatment
- bio-fungicidese0
- Outcome
- peroxidase activitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eggplants treated with bio-fungicides showed an increase in peroxidase activity compared with the control treatment”
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