Abstract
Cutaneous secretions produced by amphibians of the family Bufonidae are rich sources of bioactive compounds that can be useful as new chemical templates for agrochemicals. In crop protection, the use of elicitors to induce responses offers the prospect of durable, broad-spectrum disease control using the plant's own resistance. Therefore, we evaluated the potential of methanolic extracts of cutaneous secretions of two species of amphibians of the family Bufonidae found in the Amazon biome-Rhaebo guttatus (species 1) and Rhinella marina (species 2)-in the synthesis of phytoalexins in soybean cotyledons, bean hypocotyls, and sorghum mesocotyls. Additionally, changes in the enzyme activity of β-1,3-glucanase, peroxidase (POX), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and in the total protein content of soybean cotyledons were determined. In the soybean cultivar 'TMG 132 RR', our results indicated that the methanolic extract of R. guttatus cutaneous secretions suppressed glyceollin synthesis and β-1,3-glucanase activity and increased POX and PPO activities at higher concentrations and total protein content at a concentration of 0.2 mg/mL. On the other hand, the methanolic extract of R. marina cutaneous secretions induced glyceollin synthesis in the soybean cultivars 'TMG 132 RR' and 'Monsoy 8372 IPRO' at 0.1-0.2 mg/mL and 0.2 mg/mL, respectively. The methanolic extract of R. marina cutaneous secretions also increased the specific activity of POX and PPO in 'Monsoy 8372 IPRO' and 'TMG 132 RR', respectively, and decreased the activity of β-1,3-glucanases in 'Monsoy 8372 IPRO'. At 0.3 mg/mL, it stimulated phaseolin synthesis. The extracts did not express bioactivity in the synthesis of deoxyanthocyanidins in sorghum mesocotyls. The study in soybean suggests that the bioactivity in defense responses is influenced by cultivar genotypes. Therefore, these results provide evidence that extracts of cutaneous secretions of these amphibians species may contribute to the bioactivity of defense metabolites in plants.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
The R. guttatus cutaneous secretion extract suppressed glyceollin synthesis and β-1,3-glucanase activity in soybean cultivar TMG 132 RR
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe1 - Material
- TMG 132 RRe1
- Treatment
- methanolic extract of R. guttatus cutaneous secretionse2
- Outcome
- glyceollin synthesis and β-1,3-glucanase activitye2
- Direction
- suppressede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In the soybean cultivar 'TMG 132 RR'”
e2“the methanolic extract of R. guttatus cutaneous secretions suppressed glyceollin synthesis and β-1,3-glucanase activity and increased POX and PPO activities at higher concentrations and total protein content at a concentration of 0.2 mg/mL”
Claim · model-written summary
The R. guttatus cutaneous secretion extract increased POX and PPO activities in soybean cultivar TMG 132 RR at higher concentrations
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Material
- TMG 132 RRe1
- Treatment
- methanolic extract of R. guttatus cutaneous secretionse2
- Outcome
- POX and PPO activitiese2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Qualifier
- at higher concentrationse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In the soybean cultivar 'TMG 132 RR'”
e2“the methanolic extract of R. guttatus cutaneous secretions suppressed glyceollin synthesis and β-1,3-glucanase activity and increased POX and PPO activities at higher concentrations and total protein content at a concentration of 0.2 mg/mL”
Claim · model-written summary
The R. guttatus cutaneous secretion extract increased total protein content in soybean cultivar TMG 132 RR at 0.2 mg/mL
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Material
- TMG 132 RRe1
- Treatment
- methanolic extract of R. guttatus cutaneous secretionse2
- Outcome
- total protein contente2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 0.2 mg/mLe2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In the soybean cultivar 'TMG 132 RR'”
e2“the methanolic extract of R. guttatus cutaneous secretions suppressed glyceollin synthesis and β-1,3-glucanase activity and increased POX and PPO activities at higher concentrations and total protein content at a concentration of 0.2 mg/mL”
Claim · model-written summary
The R. marina cutaneous secretion extract induced glyceollin synthesis in soybean cultivar TMG 132 RR at 0.1-0.2 mg/mL
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe3
- Material
- TMG 132 RRe3
- Treatment
- methanolic extract of R. marina cutaneous secretionse3
- Outcome
- glyceollin synthesise3
- Direction
- inducede3
- Value
- 0.1-0.2 mg/mLe3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“the methanolic extract of R. marina cutaneous secretions induced glyceollin synthesis in the soybean cultivars 'TMG 132 RR' and 'Monsoy 8372 IPRO' at 0.1-0.2 mg/mL and 0.2 mg/mL, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The R. marina cutaneous secretion extract induced glyceollin synthesis in soybean cultivar Monsoy 8372 IPRO at 0.2 mg/mL
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe3
- Material
- Monsoy 8372 IPROe3
- Treatment
- methanolic extract of R. marina cutaneous secretionse3
- Outcome
- glyceollin synthesise3
- Direction
- inducede3
- Value
- 0.2 mg/mLe3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“the methanolic extract of R. marina cutaneous secretions induced glyceollin synthesis in the soybean cultivars 'TMG 132 RR' and 'Monsoy 8372 IPRO' at 0.1-0.2 mg/mL and 0.2 mg/mL, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The R. marina cutaneous secretion extract increased POX activity in soybean cultivar Monsoy 8372 IPRO
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Material
- Monsoy 8372 IPROe4
- Treatment
- methanolic extract of R. marina cutaneous secretionse4
- Outcome
- POXe4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In the soybean cultivar 'TMG 132 RR'”
e4“The methanolic extract of R. marina cutaneous secretions also increased the specific activity of POX and PPO in 'Monsoy 8372 IPRO' and 'TMG 132 RR', respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The R. marina cutaneous secretion extract increased PPO activity in soybean cultivar TMG 132 RR
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Material
- TMG 132 RRe4
- Treatment
- methanolic extract of R. marina cutaneous secretionse4
- Outcome
- PPOe4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In the soybean cultivar 'TMG 132 RR'”
e4“The methanolic extract of R. marina cutaneous secretions also increased the specific activity of POX and PPO in 'Monsoy 8372 IPRO' and 'TMG 132 RR', respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The R. marina cutaneous secretion extract decreased β-1,3-glucanase activity in soybean cultivar Monsoy 8372 IPRO
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Material
- Monsoy 8372 IPROe5
- Treatment
- methanolic extract of R. marina cutaneous secretionse3
- Outcome
- activity of β-1,3-glucanasese5
- Direction
- decreasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In the soybean cultivar 'TMG 132 RR'”
e3“the methanolic extract of R. marina cutaneous secretions induced glyceollin synthesis in the soybean cultivars 'TMG 132 RR' and 'Monsoy 8372 IPRO' at 0.1-0.2 mg/mL and 0.2 mg/mL, respectively”
e5“decreased the activity of β-1,3-glucanases in 'Monsoy 8372 IPRO'”
Claim · model-written summary
The R. marina cutaneous secretion extract at 0.3 mg/mL stimulated phaseolin synthesis in bean hypocotyls
- Taxon
- beane7
- Organ / stage
- hypocotylse7
- Treatment
- methanolic extract of R. marina cutaneous secretionse3
- Outcome
- phaseolin synthesise6
- Direction
- stimulatede6
- Value
- 0.3 mg/mLe6
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e3“the methanolic extract of R. marina cutaneous secretions induced glyceollin synthesis in the soybean cultivars 'TMG 132 RR' and 'Monsoy 8372 IPRO' at 0.1-0.2 mg/mL and 0.2 mg/mL, respectively”
e6“At 0.3 mg/mL, it stimulated phaseolin synthesis”
e7“in the synthesis of phytoalexins in soybean cotyledons, bean hypocotyls, and sorghum mesocotyls”
Claim · model-written summary
The extracts showed no bioactivity in deoxyanthocyanidin synthesis in sorghum mesocotyls
- Organ / stage
- mesocotylse0
- Treatment
- extractse0
- Outcome
- bioactivity in the synthesis of deoxyanthocyanidinse0
SorghumNot reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The extracts did not express bioactivity in the synthesis of deoxyanthocyanidins in sorghum mesocotyls”
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