Abstract
Core Ideas Trinexapac‐ethyl, a plant growth regulator, does not affect the quality of red clover seeds if applied at a rate of up to 700 g a.i. ha –1 . Seeds reach maximum quality at harvest maturity, when seed moisture content is approximately 140 g kg –1 . Visual indicators of physiological maturity of red clover include flower heads contain light brown petals and brownish‐green sepals, whereas seeds are pale green to pale yellow. At harvest maturity, heads contain dark brown petals and sepals, whereas seeds range from yellow to yellow‐dark grayish purple. A single irrigation application of water at the first flowering stage increased yield by approximately 9% in a 2‐yr study. Application of trinexapac‐ethyl at a rate of 560 g a.i. ha w in the stem elongation stage increased seed yield by 16% in 1 of a 2‐yr study. Seed moisture content at physiological maturity of red clover ranges from 340 to 540 gkg –1 and approximately 140 g kg –1 at harvest maturity. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) and irrigation affect seed yield of red clover ( Trifolium pretense L.). However, the effects of these factors on physiological maturity (PM), harvest maturity (HM), and seed quality are unknown. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the effects of trinexapac‐ethyl (TE) PGR and irrigation on PM, HM, and seed viability and vigor on the most common red clover variety in Oregon over 2 yr. Five TE rates, ranging from 0 to 700 g a.i. ha −1 , were applied at stem elongation and bud emergence stages. Irrigation was applied at the first flowering stage. Physiological and visual indicators were recorded to determine PM and HM. Standard germination (SG), tetrazolium (TZ) and cold (CT) tests were conducted to evaluate seed quality at weekly intervals starting from seed formation until HM. Irrigation resulted in a 4‐d delay in PM compared to the non‐irrigated treatment, but TE applications did not affect timing of seed maturation. At PM, flower heads contained light brown petals and brownish‐green sepals, whereas seeds were pale green to pale yellow. At HM, heads contained dark brown petals and sepals, whereas seeds ranged from yellow to yellow‐dark grayish purple. Seed dry weight did not change from PM to HM. Seed moisture content at PM ranged from 340 to 540 g kg −1 and decreased to below 140 g kg −1 at HM. At HM, seeds reached maximum quality as viability ranged from 92 to 98% by TZ and SG, and vigor ranged from 90 to 94% by CT.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation delayed physiological maturity by four days.
- Taxon
- red clover
Trifolium pratensee1 - Treatment
- Irrigatione0
- Outcome
- PMe0
- Direction
- delaye0
- Value
- 4‐de0
- Comparator
- non‐irrigated treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation resulted in a 4‐d delay in PM compared to the non‐irrigated treatment”
e1“Plant Growth Regulator and Irrigation Effects on Physiological and Harvest Maturity of Red Clover in Relation to Seed Quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Trinexapac‐ethyl did not affect seed maturation timing.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee1
- Treatment
- TE applicationse0
- Outcome
- timing of seed maturatione0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TE applications did not affect timing of seed maturation”
e1“Plant Growth Regulator and Irrigation Effects on Physiological and Harvest Maturity of Red Clover in Relation to Seed Quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Flower heads and seeds had characteristic colours at physiological maturity.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee1
- Organ / stage
- PMe0
- Outcome
- flower heads contained light brown petals and brownish‐green sepals, whereas seeds were pale green to pale yellowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At PM, flower heads contained light brown petals and brownish‐green sepals, whereas seeds were pale green to pale yellow.”
e1“Plant Growth Regulator and Irrigation Effects on Physiological and Harvest Maturity of Red Clover in Relation to Seed Quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Flower heads and seeds had characteristic colours at harvest maturity.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee1
- Organ / stage
- HMe0
- Outcome
- heads contained dark brown petals and sepals, whereas seeds ranged from yellow to yellow‐dark grayish purplee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At HM, heads contained dark brown petals and sepals, whereas seeds ranged from yellow to yellow‐dark grayish purple.”
e1“Plant Growth Regulator and Irrigation Effects on Physiological and Harvest Maturity of Red Clover in Relation to Seed Quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed dry weight did not change between physiological and harvest maturity.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee1
- Outcome
- Seed dry weighte0
- Direction
- did not changee0
- Comparator
- PM to HMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed dry weight did not change from PM to HM.”
e1“Plant Growth Regulator and Irrigation Effects on Physiological and Harvest Maturity of Red Clover in Relation to Seed Quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed moisture was 340 to 540 g kg −1 at physiological maturity and fell below 140 g kg −1 at harvest maturity.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee1
- Outcome
- Seed moisture contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 340 to 540 g kg −1e0
- Qualifier
- below 140 g kg −1 at HMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed moisture content at PM ranged from 340 to 540 g kg −1 and decreased to below 140 g kg −1 at HM.”
e1“Plant Growth Regulator and Irrigation Effects on Physiological and Harvest Maturity of Red Clover in Relation to Seed Quality”
Claim · model-written summary
At harvest maturity, seed viability reached 92 to 98%.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee1
- Organ / stage
- HMe0
- Outcome
- viabilitye0
- Value
- 92 to 98%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At HM, seeds reached maximum quality as viability ranged from 92 to 98% by TZ and SG”
e1“Plant Growth Regulator and Irrigation Effects on Physiological and Harvest Maturity of Red Clover in Relation to Seed Quality”
Claim · model-written summary
At harvest maturity, seed vigor reached 90 to 94%.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee1
- Outcome
- vigore0
- Value
- 90 to 94%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vigor ranged from 90 to 94% by CT.”
e1“Plant Growth Regulator and Irrigation Effects on Physiological and Harvest Maturity of Red Clover in Relation to Seed Quality”
Claim · model-written summary
One irrigation at first flowering increased seed yield about 9%.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee1
- Treatment
- A single irrigation application of water at the first flowering stagee0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- approximately 9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A single irrigation application of water at the first flowering stage increased yield by approximately 9% in a 2‐yr study.”
e1“Plant Growth Regulator and Irrigation Effects on Physiological and Harvest Maturity of Red Clover in Relation to Seed Quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Trinexapac‐ethyl at 560 g a.i. ha w increased seed yield 16% in one year.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee1
- Treatment
- trinexapac‐ethyl at a rate of 560 g a.i. ha we0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of trinexapac‐ethyl at a rate of 560 g a.i. ha w in the stem elongation stage increased seed yield by 16% in 1 of a 2‐yr study.”
e1“Plant Growth Regulator and Irrigation Effects on Physiological and Harvest Maturity of Red Clover in Relation to Seed Quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Trinexapac‐ethyl up to 700 g a.i. ha –1 did not affect seed quality.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee0
- Treatment
- Trinexapac‐ethyle0
- Outcome
- quality of red clover seedse0
- Direction
- does not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trinexapac‐ethyl, a plant growth regulator, does not affect the quality of red clover seeds if applied at a rate of up to 700 g a.i. ha –1”
e1“Plant Growth Regulator and Irrigation Effects on Physiological and Harvest Maturity of Red Clover in Relation to Seed Quality”
The same questions in other papers
trinexapac-ethyl · yield · Trifolium pratense (red clover)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
stage · yield · Trifolium pratense (red clover)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
irrigation · yield · Trifolium pratense (red clover)Results agree
6 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.