Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important crops in the world. Squamosa promoter binding protein-like (SPL) proteins are plant-specific transcript factors and play critical roles in plant growth and development. The functions of many SPL gene family members were well characterized in Arabidopsis and rice, in contrast, research on wheat SPL genes is lagging behind. In this study, we cloned and characterized TaSPL16, an orthologous gene of rice OsSPL16, in wheat. Three TaSPL16 homoeologs are located on the short arms of chromosome 7A, 7B, and 7D, and share more than 96% sequence identity with each other. All the TaSPL16 homoeologs have three exons and two introns, with a miR156 binding site in their last exons. They encode putative proteins of 407, 409, and 414 amino acid residues, respectively. Subcellular localization showed TaSPL16 distribution in the cell nucleus, and transcription activity of TaSPL16 was validated in yeast. Analysis of the spatiotemporal expression profile showed that TaSPL16 is highly expressed in young developing panicles, lowly expressed in developing seeds and almost undetectable in vegetative tissues. Ectopic expression of TaSPL16 in Arabidopsis causes a delay in the emergence of vegetative leaves (3-4 days late), promotes early flowering (5-7 days early), increases organ size, and affects yield-related traits. These results demonstrated the regulatory roles of TaSPL16 in plant growth and development as well as seed yield. Our findings enrich the existing knowledge on SPL genes in wheat and provide valuable information for further investigating the effects of TaSPL16 on plant architecture and yield-related traits of wheat.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Three TaSPL16 homoeologs occur on chromosome arms 7A, 7B and 7D and share more than 96% sequence identity.
- Taxon
- Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Triticum aestivumt0 - Gene
- TaSPL16e0
- Outcome
- located on the short arms of chromosome 7A, 7B, and 7De0
- Value
- more than 96%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three TaSPL16 homoeologs are located on the short arms of chromosome 7A, 7B, and 7D, and share more than 96% sequence identity with each other.”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
All TaSPL16 homoeologs have three exons, two introns and a miR156 binding site in the last exon.
- Taxon
- Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- TaSPL16e0
- Outcome
- three exons and two introns, with a miR156 binding site in their last exonse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All the TaSPL16 homoeologs have three exons and two introns, with a miR156 binding site in their last exons.”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The three TaSPL16 homoeologs encode putative proteins of 407, 409 and 414 amino acid residues, respectively.
- Taxon
- Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- TaSPL16t0
- Outcome
- putative proteinse0
- Value
- 407, 409, and 414 amino acid residuese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“They encode putative proteins of 407, 409, and 414 amino acid residues, respectively.”
t0“Gene TaSPL16 in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
TaSPL16 protein was localized to the cell nucleus.
- Taxon
- Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- TaSPL16e0
- Outcome
- distribution in the cell nucleuse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Subcellular localization showed TaSPL16 distribution in the cell nucleus”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
TaSPL16 had transcription activity in yeast.
- Taxon
- Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- TaSPL16e0
- Outcome
- transcription activitye0
- Setting
- yeaste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transcription activity of TaSPL16 was validated in yeast.”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
TaSPL16 expression was high in young developing panicles, low in developing seeds and almost undetectable in vegetative tissue.
- Taxon
- Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- TaSPL16e0
- Outcome
- highly expressed in young developing panicles, lowly expressed in developing seeds and almost undetectable in vegetative tissuese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TaSPL16 is highly expressed in young developing panicles, lowly expressed in developing seeds and almost undetectable in vegetative tissues.”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ectopic TaSPL16 expression delayed vegetative leaf emergence in Arabidopsis by 3-4 days.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise0 - Treatment
- Ectopic expression of TaSPL16e0
- Gene
- TaSPL16e0
- Outcome
- emergence of vegetative leavese0
- Direction
- delaye0
- Value
- 3-4 days latee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ectopic expression of TaSPL16 in Arabidopsis causes a delay in the emergence of vegetative leaves (3-4 days late)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ectopic TaSPL16 expression advanced flowering in Arabidopsis by 5-7 days.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- Ectopic expression of TaSPL16e0
- Gene
- TaSPL16e0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- earlye0
- Value
- 5-7 days earlye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ectopic expression of TaSPL16 in Arabidopsis causes a delay in the emergence of vegetative leaves (3-4 days late), promotes early flowering (5-7 days early)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ectopic TaSPL16 expression increased organ size in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- Ectopic expression of TaSPL16e0
- Gene
- TaSPL16e0
- Outcome
- organ sizee0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ectopic expression of TaSPL16 in Arabidopsis causes a delay in the emergence of vegetative leaves (3-4 days late), promotes early flowering (5-7 days early), increases organ size”
Claim · model-written summary
Ectopic TaSPL16 expression affected yield-related traits in Arabidopsis, without a stated direction.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- Ectopic expression of TaSPL16e0
- Gene
- TaSPL16e0
- Outcome
- yield-related traitse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ectopic expression of TaSPL16 in Arabidopsis causes a delay in the emergence of vegetative leaves (3-4 days late), promotes early flowering (5-7 days early), increases organ size, and affects yield-related traits.”
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